# Where the numbers come from

> Sources, licences and method behind Borgo. Figures as of 2026-11-05.

## Sources

| Source | Publisher | Provides | Cities | Licence |
|---|---|---|---:|---|
| [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | World Bank | out-of-pocket health spending, price level, homicides, life expectancy, doctors, unemployment, adults with a degree | 57 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts) | Borgo contributors | paid holiday by law | 57 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)](https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api) | Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF) | wet days, monthly temperatures | 57 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [OpenAlex institutions](https://openalex.org/) | OurResearch | research output, research output per resident | 57 | CC0-1.0 |
| [Research Organization Registry](https://ror.org/) | ROR | universities and colleges, research institutes | 57 | CC0-1.0 |
| [Founders Running Club communities](https://foundersrc.com/communities) | Founders Running Club | founders running club | 57 | Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated) |
| [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | OpenStreetMap contributors | coworking spaces, climbing gyms, public swimming pools, hackerspaces and makerspaces, green space, rail and metro stations, cycle paths | 57 | ODbL-1.0 |
| [Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/) | Natural Earth | distance to the sea | 57 | Public domain |
| [Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data](https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/) | Mapzen / AWS Open Data | distance to the mountains | 57 | Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution |
| [OurAirports airports](https://ourairports.com/data/) | OurAirports | nearest major airport, airports within 100 km | 57 | Public domain |
| [CLDR territory information](https://cldr.unicode.org/) | Unicode Consortium | english speakers, english is official | 57 | Unicode-3.0 |
| [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API: walking and cycling](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | OpenStreetMap contributors | everyday needs on foot, cycle network | 57 | ODbL-1.0 |
| [Worldwide Governance Indicators](https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators) | World Bank | control of corruption | 57 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Nager.Date public holidays](https://date.nager.at/) | Nager.Date (open-source project) | public holidays on working days | 56 | MIT |
| [M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)](https://www.measurementlab.net/data/) | Measurement Lab | internet speed | 56 | CC0-1.0 |
| [GitHub user search](https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users) | GitHub | developers on github | 56 | No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7) |
| [GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics](https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php) | European Commission, Joint Research Centre (GHSL) | out of the dense city | 56 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Abortion in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | Borgo contributors | abortion in law | 56 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | Borgo contributors | same-sex couples in law | 56 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD | childcare fees, one child, childcare fees, two children, childcare, net of support: couple, one child, childcare, net of support: couple, two children, childcare, net of support: single parent, one child, childcare, net of support: single parent, two children | 55 | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| [OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html) | OECD | paid leave for mothers, paid leave for fathers | 55 | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| [WHO Ambient Air Quality Database v8.0 (2026)](https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/who-air-quality-database) | World Health Organization | fine dust (pm2.5) | 54 | WHO terms for data compilations (public-health use, unaltered values; not CC BY) |
| [OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html) | OECD | life satisfaction | 46 | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat | public swimming pools (official), green urban areas (official), road deaths, born abroad, adults with a degree, commuting by public transport, commute time, walking or cycling to work, monthly transit pass | 39 | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| [Political position from election results](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/pipeline/inputs/politics.json) | Borgo contributors | politics, left to right | 33 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals) | World Meteorological Organization, archived by NOAA NCEI | sunshine | 31 | No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy) |
| [Meteostat climate normals](https://dev.meteostat.net/) | Meteostat and its data providers (national weather services) | sunshine | 21 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Population by educational attainment and NUTS 2 region (edat_lfse_04)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfse_04/default/table) | Eurostat (EU Labour Force Survey) | adults with a degree | 15 | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| [American Community Survey 1-year estimates](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html) | US Census Bureau | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms, commuting by public transport, commute time, born abroad, adults with a degree, walking or cycling to work | 9 | Public domain (US government work) |
| [Price Index of Private Rents](https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/priceindexofprivaterentsukmonthlypricestatistics) | Office for National Statistics | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 4 | OGL-UK-3.0 |
| [CMHC Rental Market Survey: average rents (Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01)](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3410013301) | Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, republished by Statistics Canada | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 3 | CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data (not CC BY) |
| [RTB Average Monthly Rent Report (RIA02)](https://data.cso.ie/table/RIA02) | Central Statistics Office Ireland, Residential Tenancies Board | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 2 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Carte des loyers: asking-rent indicators by commune (2025)](https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/carte-des-loyers-indicateurs-de-loyers-dannonce-par-commune-en-2025) | Ministère de la Transition écologique (DHUP), with ANIL | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 2 | Licence Ouverte 2.0 (Etalab) |
| [Rents of dwellings (Statistics Finland table 15fc)](https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__asvu/statfin_asvu_pxt_15fc.px/) | Statistics Finland | rent, one bedroom | 1 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Rental market survey (Statistics Norway table 09895)](https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09895) | Statistics Norway (SSB) | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 1 | CC-BY-4.0 |
| [Rents for dwellings (Statistics Sweden BO0406)](https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BO__BO0406__BO0406E/BO0406Tab03/) | Statistics Sweden (SCB) | rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms | 1 | CC0-1.0 |

## Licences and attribution

- [data/dataset.json](https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset.json): CC BY 4.0. Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms.
- [data/dataset-odbl.json](https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-odbl.json): Open Database License 1.0. Figures derived from OpenStreetMap. © OpenStreetMap contributors. This database is made available under the Open Database License (ODbL 1.0): https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/. It is kept apart from Borgo's CC BY 4.0 data and any derived database must stay under the ODbL.
- [data/dataset-who.json](https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-who.json): WHO terms and conditions for data compilations. Values from the WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), World Health Organization, 2026, as published, with each value's data provider named in its note. Used under WHO's terms for data compilations: for public health purposes, values unaltered, attribution to WHO and the providing countries. Not licensed CC BY. WHO does not endorse Borgo or the way it uses these data.
- [data/dataset-cmhc.json](https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-cmhc.json): CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data. Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey, average rents (October), via Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01. This information is reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of CMHC. Not licensed CC BY: it is redistributed under CMHC's Licence Agreement for the Use of Data, and anyone receiving it agrees to be bound by those terms.

Every source exported, with its edition, licence and required credit: https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/licences.json.

- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates ([Public domain (US government work)](https://www.usa.gov/government-copyright))
- Borgo's summary of the EU-Swiss Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (State Secretariat for Migration) ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Unicode CLDR territory information. Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc. Used under the Unicode License v3 (https://www.unicode.org/license.txt) ([Unicode License v3](https://www.unicode.org/license.txt))
- Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey, average rents, October 2025, via Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01. This information is reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of CMHC. Redistributed under CMHC's Licence Agreement for the Use of Data: anyone receiving these figures agrees to be bound by its terms. Not covered by Borgo's CC BY 4.0 licence. ([CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data](https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions))
- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Central Statistics Office and Residential Tenancies Board, RIA02 RTB Average Monthly Rent Report, CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Borgo's summary of the Common Travel Area guidance; contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: European Central Bank, euro foreign exchange reference rates ([ECB copyright terms: free use, cited, unaltered](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html))
- Borgo's summary of Directive 2004/38/EC (© European Union, EUR-Lex) ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey (edat_lfse_04, © European Union). Borgo keeps each region's latest value Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data. ([European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice))
- Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit (© European Union). Borgo keeps each city's latest value and converts units where its note says so Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data. ([European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice))
- Founders Running Club communities list (facts of presence and links only) ([No licence from the publisher: only facts of presence are stored](https://foundersrc.com/communities))
- Ministère de la Transition écologique, carte des loyers 2025 (data.gouv.fr, update of 2025-12-11), Licence Ouverte 2.0. Borgo weights arrondissements by adverts and multiplies the rate per m² by a fixed flat size ([Licence Ouverte / Open Licence 2.0 (Etalab)](https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/licence-ouverte-open-licence/))
- Places, coordinates, populations and time zones from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- GHS-UCDB R2024A, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, CC BY 4.0, doi:10.2905/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd; Borgo derives the distance from the centre to the urban centre's edge Shores and lakes from Natural Earth (public domain) decide which directions lead on to land. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Counts of GitHub profiles by stated location, from GitHub's public user search (counts only, no profile data) ([No data licence from the publisher: only total counts are stored, no record about anyone, as its terms allow public, non-personal information in openly published research](https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions))
- Borgo contributors, from the labour codes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: Meteostat (meteostat.net) and its data providers (dev.meteostat.net/providers), CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- The M-Lab NDT Data Set, 2023-01-01–2023-12-31. https://measurementlab.net/tests/ndt ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Public holidays from Nager.Date (date.nager.at), MIT License, Copyright (c) Nager ([MIT License](https://opensource.org/license/mit))
- The data was obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center's Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) project funded through the NASA Earth Science Division (POWER climatology API v2, read on the date in data/map/world.json) ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Made with Natural Earth (public domain) ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- OECD (2026), Net childcare costs, OECD Tax-Benefit Models, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Family Database, PF2.1 Parental leave systems, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?), https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- Source: Office for National Statistics, Price Index of Private Rents. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 ([Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/))
- Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), CC BY 4.0 Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021-2025. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- OpenAlex (openalex.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- Airports from OurAirports (ourairports.com), public domain ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- Borgo contributors, from official election results and ParlGov party positions (Döring, Huber and Manow, ParlGov 2024 release, CC0) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Research Organization Registry (ror.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Source: Statistics Sweden, rents for dwellings (BO0406) ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Statistics Norway (SSB), table 09895: Rental market survey, average monthly rents, CC BY 4.0 (www.ssb.no) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: Statistics Finland, rents of dwellings (table 15fc), CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Terrain Tiles on AWS Open Data (Mapzen, a Linux Foundation project): SRTM and GMTED2010 terrain data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; ETOPO1, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Canada terrain data contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada ([Terrain Tiles source terms: public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution](https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md))
- Borgo's summary of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (Australian Department of Home Affairs) ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- World Health Organization, WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), 2026, accessed 2026-10-27; data provided by the national and regional agencies named in each value's note WHO does not endorse Borgo, its use of these data, or any city ranking built from them. Values are as published by WHO; WHO advises against using the database to rank cities or compare countries directly, because monitoring differs between places. ([WHO terms and conditions for data compilations](https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions))
- WMO Member Nations (2023). WMO Climatological Standard Normals for 1991-2020 (NCEI Accession 0253808), sunshine duration. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/800j-vn07 ([No licence attached: NCEI public access with a requested citation, under the WMO Unified Data Policy](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808))
- World Bank, World Development Indicators, CC BY 4.0 (underlying sources named in each figure's note: ICP, IMF, UNODC, UN Population Division, WHO, ILO, UNESCO Institute for Statistics) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Control of Corruption estimate, CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))

## Method

The most local figure wins (city, metro, region, country), then the most recent. Same-level sources within two years are combined as a median with their range. Country figures standing in for a city are labelled.