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row between 6 am and 9 pm that are dry, not windy (under 30 km/h) and feel between 5 and 22 °C: good for a run or a bike ride.", "decimals": 1 }, "muggy_days": { "id": "muggy_days", "label": "Muggy days", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days whose average dew point is 18 °C or more: the air holds so much water that it feels sticky and sweat dries slowly.", "decimals": 1 }, "grey_days": { "id": "grey_days", "label": "Grey days", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days when cloud covers at least 80% of the sky on average from 8 am to 8 pm.", "decimals": 1 }, "hot_nights": { "id": "hot_nights", "label": "Hot nights", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Nights when the air never cools below 20 °C, which makes sleeping without air conditioning hard (climatologists call them tropical nights).", "decimals": 1 }, "hot_days": { "id": "hot_days", "label": "Heat-stress days", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days when the feels-like temperature reaches 32 °C or more from 8 am to 8 pm, where heat starts to strain the body.", "decimals": 1 }, "snow_days": { "id": "snow_days", "label": "Snow days", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days with at least 1 cm of fresh snow.", "decimals": 1 }, "windy_days": { "id": "windy_days", "label": "Windy days", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days when the wind averages 30 km/h or more from 8 am to 8 pm, a fresh breeze in which small trees sway and umbrellas struggle.", "decimals": 1 }, "cloud_cover": { "id": "cloud_cover", "label": "Cloud cover", "unit": "% of the sky", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "How much of the sky is covered by cloud, averaged over every hour of the month, day and night.", "decimals": 0 }, "wet_days": { "id": "wet_days", "label": "Wet days", "unit": "days a year", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Days a year with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, enough to wet the ground.", "decimals": 0 }, "wet_days_monthly": { "id": "wet_days_monthly", "label": "Wet days by month", "unit": "days", "category": "climate", "direction": "lower", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Days with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, by month.", "decimals": 1 }, "sunshine_hours": { "id": "sunshine_hours", "label": "Sunshine", "unit": "hours a year", "category": "climate", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Hours a year of bright, direct sun, measured at a weather station by the WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m², roughly when the sun is strong enough to cast a sharp shadow.", "decimals": 0 }, "sunshine_monthly": { "id": "sunshine_monthly", "label": "Sunshine by month", "unit": "hours", "category": "climate", "direction": "higher", "shape": "monthly", "description": "Hours of bright, direct sun in each month (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²), measured at a weather station.", "decimals": 0 }, "pm25": { "id": "pm25", "label": "Fine dust (PM2.5)", "unit": "µg/m³", "category": "environment", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Fine dust in the air (particles under 2.5 micrometres, which reach the lungs), averaged over a year; the WHO guideline is 5 µg/m³.", "decimals": 1 }, "homicide_rate": { "id": "homicide_rate", "label": "Homicides", "unit": "per 100,000", "category": "safety", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "People killed on purpose each year per 100,000 residents, a common proxy for violent crime.", "decimals": 2 }, "life_expectancy": { "id": "life_expectancy", "label": "Life expectancy", "unit": "years", "category": "health", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "How many years a baby born now would live on average if today's death rates held, for the whole country.", "decimals": 1 }, "life_evaluation": { "id": "life_evaluation", "label": "Life satisfaction", "unit": "of 10", "category": "society", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "How satisfied people say they are with their life as a whole, on a scale from 0 to 10, averaged over the country.", "decimals": 1 }, "research_output": { "id": "research_output", "label": "Research output", "unit": "works per 100k residents", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Papers, patents and datasets published in a year by institutions in the city, per 100,000 residents.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "builder_density": { "id": "builder_density", "label": "Research output per resident", "unit": "of 100", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Research output of institutions in the city, per resident, on a 0 to 100 scale.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "universities": { "id": "universities", "label": "Universities and colleges", "unit": "organisations", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Higher-education organisations registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry, so counts follow how each country registers its institutions.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "research_institutes": { "id": "research_institutes", "label": "Research institutes", "unit": "organisations", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Research facilities (institutes, laboratories, observatories) registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry; national research councils that register every lab inflate some cities (Paris, Tokyo).", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "founders_running_club": { "id": "founders_running_club", "label": "Founders Running Club", "unit": "1 = a chapter", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Whether the Founders Running Club, a running community for founders, lists a chapter in the city.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "coworking": { "id": "coworking", "label": "Coworking spaces", "unit": "within 10 km", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Coworking spaces mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "climbing_gyms": { "id": "climbing_gyms", "label": "Climbing gyms", "unit": "within 10 km", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Indoor climbing and bouldering gyms mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0 }, "swimming_pools": { "id": "swimming_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools", "unit": "within 10 km", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Swimming centres and pools open to the public, mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0 }, "public_pools": { "id": "public_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools (official)", "unit": "per 100,000", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Public swimming pools, indoor and outdoor, per 100,000 residents, as reported by the city to the Eurostat Urban Audit.", "decimals": 1 }, "hackerspaces": { "id": "hackerspaces", "label": "Hackerspaces and makerspaces", "unit": "within 10 km", "category": "lifestyle", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Community workshops for building things, mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0, "group": "ambition" }, "green_space_10km": { "id": "green_space_10km", "label": "Green space", "unit": "% of land", "category": "environment", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of the land within 10 km of the centre that is park, woodland, heath or other public green space in OpenStreetMap; the sea is left out of the land.", "decimals": 1 }, "green_share": { "id": "green_share", "label": "Green urban areas (official)", "unit": "% of city area", "category": "environment", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of the city's area that is green urban space or sports and leisure land, from the EU Urban Atlas via Eurostat.", "decimals": 1 }, "sea_km": { "id": "sea_km", "label": "Distance to the sea", "unit": "km", "category": "environment", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the open-sea coast; lakes and tidal rivers do not count.", "decimals": 0 }, "mountain_km": { "id": "mountain_km", "label": "Distance to the mountains", "unit": "km", "category": "environment", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to ground that rises 1,000 m above it; 300 means none within 300 km.", "decimals": 0 }, "airport_km": { "id": "airport_km", "label": "Nearest major airport", "unit": "km", "category": "mobility", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest large airport with scheduled flights.", "decimals": 0 }, "airports_100km": { "id": "airports_100km", "label": "Airports within 100 km", "unit": "airports", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Airports with scheduled passenger flights within 100 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0 }, "rail_stations": { "id": "rail_stations", "label": "Rail and metro stations", "unit": "within 10 km", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Train, metro and light-rail stations mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre.", "decimals": 0, "group": "getting_around" }, "cycle_paths_km": { "id": "cycle_paths_km", "label": "Cycle paths", "unit": "km within 10 km", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Length of paths built or signed for bicycles, mapped in OpenStreetMap within 10 km of the centre; painted lanes on roads are not counted.", "decimals": 0, "group": "getting_around" }, "transit_commute_share": { "id": "transit_commute_share", "label": "Commuting by public transport", "unit": "% of commuters", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of journeys to work made by bus, tram, metro or train.", "decimals": 1, "group": "getting_around" }, "commute_minutes": { "id": "commute_minutes", "label": "Commute time", "unit": "minutes", "category": "mobility", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Average time of a journey to work, one way.", "decimals": 0, "group": "getting_around" }, "transit_pass": { "id": "transit_pass", "label": "Monthly transit pass", "unit": "/month", "currency": "EUR", "category": "money", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Price of a monthly pass for all public transport in the central zone (5 to 10 km).", "decimals": 0 }, "road_deaths": { "id": "road_deaths", "label": "Road deaths", "unit": "per 10,000", "category": "safety", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "People killed in road accidents per 10,000 residents a year.", "decimals": 2 }, "foreign_born_share": { "id": "foreign_born_share", "label": "Born abroad", "unit": "% of residents", "category": "society", "direction": "neutral", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of residents born in another country: a measure of how international the city is.", "decimals": 1 }, "english_share": { "id": "english_share", "label": "English speakers", "unit": "% of population", "category": "society", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of the country's population that speaks English at any level; cities usually speak more than the national figure.", "decimals": 0 }, "english_official": { "id": "english_official", "label": "English is official", "unit": "1 = yes", "category": "society", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Whether English is an official or de facto official language of the country.", "decimals": 0 }, "download_mbps": { "id": "download_mbps", "label": "Internet speed", "unit": "Mbit/s", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Typical download speed of home and mobile connections in speed tests (M-Lab NDT, one TCP stream, so lower than commercial tests); compare cities with each other.", "decimals": 0 }, "degree_share": { "id": "degree_share", "label": "Adults with a degree", "unit": "% of adults", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of adults whose highest qualification is tertiary, a university degree or a vocational diploma above school level (ISCED levels 5 to 8), counting people aged 25 to 64 for a city or region and 25 or older for a country.", "decimals": 1, "group": "ambition" }, "github_developers": { "id": "github_developers", "label": "Developers on GitHub", "unit": "per 1,000 residents", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "GitHub accounts whose profile names the city as their location, per 1,000 residents: a rough count of people who write software there, since many leave the field empty and some name a city they only live near.", "decimals": 1, "group": "ambition" }, "walkable_share": { "id": "walkable_share", "label": "Everyday needs on foot", "unit": "% of streets", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of residential streets within 5 km of the centre from which a food shop, a pharmacy or doctor, a school, a park and a bus, tram or train stop are each within 1 km as the crow flies (about a 15-minute walk), as mapped in OpenStreetMap.", "decimals": 0, "group": "getting_around" }, "bike_network": { "id": "bike_network", "label": "Cycle network", "unit": "km per km² of land", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Length of cycle paths, and of cycle tracks kept apart from traffic beside roads, per km² of land within 10 km of the centre, as mapped in OpenStreetMap; painted lanes are not counted.", "decimals": 2, "group": "getting_around" }, "active_commute_share": { "id": "active_commute_share", "label": "Walking or cycling to work", "unit": "% of commuters", "category": "mobility", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of journeys to work made mainly on foot or by bicycle.", "decimals": 1, "group": "getting_around" }, "city_edge_km": { "id": "city_edge_km", "label": "Out of the dense city", "unit": "km", "category": "mobility", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest edge of the dense city (the GHSL urban centre: touching 1 km squares with at least 1,500 residents per km²) in a direction that leads on over land, so roughly what a cyclist rides before the dense city gives way to suburbs, farmland, hills or a large park.", "decimals": 1, "group": "getting_around" }, "politics_lr": { "id": "politics_lr", "label": "Politics, left to right", "unit": "0 to 10", "category": "society", "direction": "neutral", "shape": "scalar", "description": "An estimate of where the place voted at its latest national lower-house election (a Swiss canton, Canadian province or Australian state at its own count), on a scale from 0, left, to 10, right: each party's ParlGov position (the mean of expert surveys, or of its party family where no survey covers it), averaged by its share of the official result.", "decimals": 1 }, "abortion_law": { "id": "abortion_law", "label": "Abortion in law", "unit": "0 to 4", "category": "society", "direction": "neutral", "shape": "scalar", "description": "On what grounds the law allows a pregnancy to be ended: 0 not at all or only to save the woman's life, 1 also to protect her health or after rape or incest, 2 also on broad social or economic grounds, 3 on request but only in the first weeks (under 10), 4 on request to 10 weeks or later.", "decimals": 0 }, "doctors": { "id": "doctors", "label": "Doctors", "unit": "per 1,000 people", "category": "health", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Practising physicians per 1,000 people in the country, generalists and specialists (WHO figures).", "decimals": 1 }, "unemployment": { "id": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment", "unit": "% of the labour force", "category": "opportunity", "direction": "lower", "shape": "scalar", "description": "Share of people who want work and are looking for it but have none, in the country (ILO modelled estimate).", "decimals": 1, "group": "ambition" }, "clean_government": { "id": "clean_government", "label": "Control of corruption", "unit": "-2.5 to 2.5", "category": "society", "direction": "higher", "shape": "scalar", "description": "How far public power is kept from private gain, petty and grand corruption alike, as experts, firms and households perceive it in the country: the World Bank's governance estimate, roughly -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong).", "decimals": 2 }, "same_sex_couples": { "id": "same_sex_couples", "label": "Same-sex couples in law", "unit": "0 to 3", "category": "society", "direction": "neutral", "shape": "scalar", "description": "What the law offers same-sex couples: 0 sexual relations between people of the same sex are a crime, 1 legal but national law offers no union, 2 civil union or registered partnership, 3 marriage.", "decimals": 0 } }, "observations": { "turin-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 21.2, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Piemonte (ITC1), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 27.49, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 33.29, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.19, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 12.46, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 18.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 26.1, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Torino", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 13.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Torino; on foot 10.7%, by bicycle 2.7%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 105, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 22, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1350 m at 45.18, 7.45; the centre sits at about 248 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 1.8, "note": "Turin urban centre (1,243,448 people, 2025): nearest edge 1.8 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 7.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 8.4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Torino%22&per_page=1", "note": "7,100 accounts whose location names \"Torino\" or \"Turin\", over 847,287 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 134, 145, 174, 166, 196, 203, 250, 234, 183, 123, 102, 125 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.691Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16061.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Torino / Bric Della Croce, 6 km away at 709 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2034, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.691Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16061.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Torino / Bric Della Croce, 6 km away at 709 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 37.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 390,197 tests (Turin, IT-21)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.117Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-21" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.348Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.5, 11.3, 14.5, 18.3, 21.9, 28.2, 30.5, 30.4, 24.4, 19.3, 12, 7.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1.8, 0.7, 3.5, 6.9, 11.6, 17.3, 19.2, 18.9, 14.3, 10.2, 2.7, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 4.9, 9.1, 12.5, 17, 22.4, 30.2, 32.7, 32.1, 24.9, 19.1, 10.2, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -5, -2.1, 0.9, 4.8, 11, 18.3, 20.7, 20.2, 14.5, 9.4, 0.2, -3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 4.3, 6.4, 9.4, 13.3, 16.5, 23, 26.1, 25.2, 19.9, 15.3, 7.4, 3.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11, 15.5, 19.6, 23.4, 26.9, 33.6, 34.8, 35, 28.5, 24, 15.7, 10.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -4.8, -3, -0.4, 2.4, 8.2, 13.9, 16.4, 15.4, 9.8, 6.1, -1.8, -4.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.3, 4.5, 7.1, 10.9, 15.3, 21.1, 22.3, 22.2, 17.8, 14.3, 7.2, 3.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.2, 19.4, 23.1, 27.7, 31.8, 36.4, 37.7, 37.7, 31.2, 30.6, 19.4, 17.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -7.5, -6.4, -4.1, -1.8, 5.1, 8.9, 12.9, 11.5, 7.3, 3.9, -6.9, -6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0.3, 0, 0, -0.2, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.7, -0.8, -0.1, 1.7, 3.7, 5.4, 6.5, 7.3, 7.3, 6.4, 4.6, 3.2, 2.4, 1.8, 1.3, 0.9, 0.6, 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.6, 2.3, 2.1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.8, 3.1, 5.2, 7.3, 9, 10.1, 10.9, 11.1, 10.8, 9.6, 7.7, 6.2, 5.4, 4.6, 4, 3.5, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.1, 4.7, 4.4, 4.4, 4.4, 5.5, 7.7, 9.8, 11.4, 12.7, 13.5, 14, 14.3, 14.2, 13.7, 12.1, 9.9, 8.7, 7.9, 7, 6.1, 9.2, 8.9, 8.7, 8.4, 8, 7.6, 7.4, 8.4, 10.3, 12.4, 14.1, 15.5, 16.5, 17.1, 17.7, 17.8, 17.7, 17.2, 16.2, 14.2, 12.6, 11.6, 10.8, 9.9, 13.4, 13.1, 13, 12.6, 12.2, 12, 12.4, 13.7, 15.4, 17.1, 18.5, 19.6, 20.4, 20.8, 21.3, 21.4, 21.2, 20.6, 19.9, 18.4, 16.8, 15.6, 14.7, 14, 19.5, 19, 18.8, 18.3, 17.9, 17.6, 18.3, 19.8, 21.6, 23.2, 24.7, 25.8, 26.7, 26.9, 27.4, 27.7, 27.5, 27, 26.3, 25.2, 23.5, 22.1, 21.1, 20.3, 21.6, 21.1, 20.7, 20.2, 19.8, 19.4, 20, 21.4, 23.1, 24.9, 26.5, 27.8, 28.7, 29.2, 29.9, 29.9, 29.7, 29.3, 28.6, 27.5, 25.6, 24.1, 23.1, 22.3, 21.5, 21.1, 20.5, 20.1, 19.6, 19.3, 19.2, 20.6, 22.7, 24.7, 26.5, 27.9, 28.9, 29.3, 29.6, 29.8, 29.7, 29.3, 28.4, 26.7, 24.9, 23.8, 22.8, 22, 16.4, 16.1, 16, 15.6, 15.3, 15, 14.8, 15.2, 16.8, 18.7, 20.4, 21.8, 22.8, 23.5, 24, 24, 23.8, 23.1, 21.6, 19.9, 18.8, 18, 17.2, 16.6, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 10.8, 10.7, 11.6, 13.4, 15.3, 16.8, 18, 18.6, 19, 19.1, 18.7, 17.5, 15.8, 14.8, 14, 13.3, 12.8, 12.3, 4.8, 4.6, 4.5, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 5, 7, 9, 10.5, 11.3, 11.8, 11.7, 10.7, 9, 7.7, 7, 6.2, 5.7, 5.2, 4.8, 0.9, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.7, 2.3, 4.2, 5.9, 6.8, 7.5, 7.3, 6, 4.2, 3.4, 2.8, 2.3, 1.9, 1.4, 1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 62, 59, 57, 56, 62, 52, 41, 39, 53, 63, 64, 63 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 6, 5.8, 8.4, 9.6, 16.8, 11.2, 10.4, 8.2, 9.4, 7.8, 6.8, 5.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 106, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 2.4, 1.2, 1.2, 2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 1.6, 2.4, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1.6, 1.6, 2, 1.8, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 2.6, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.6, 2.8, 2.2, 2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 2.6, 1.8, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 2.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 2.4, 1.6, 0.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 2.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 2.4, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 2.8, 1.2, 2.4, 2.4, 2, 1.8, 2.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2.2, 1.2, 2, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 4, 2.4, 3, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 5.6, 8.4, 8.6, 6.2, 0.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 12.8, 22.6, 28.6, 28.2, 28.8, 17, 9.2, 13.4, 28.4, 29.6, 25.8, 17.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.6, 10.6, 6.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 12.4, 11.4, 11.4, 10.8, 11.2, 7.8, 2.2, 3.4, 8, 11.2, 9.8, 12.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.4, 11.6, 9.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 9.6, 17.8, 17.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:05:19.201Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.07049&longitude=7.68682&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2443, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "20,703 works by 97 institutions in Turin" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 56, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Turin Airport (TRN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "TRN, CUF" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 10, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "milan-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 23.6, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Lombardia (ITC4), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 23.13, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 34.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.29, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 17, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 24.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 13, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Milano (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 8.3%, by bicycle 4.8%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 118, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 41, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1148 m at 45.83, 9.18; the centre sits at about 135 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.7, "note": "Milan urban centre (3,135,553 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.7 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 11.4 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 12.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Milan%22&per_page=1", "note": "16,905 accounts whose location names \"Milan\" or \"Milano\", over 1,371,498 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 28.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,821,372 tests (Milan, IT-25)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.146Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-25" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.432Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.7, 11.5, 14.9, 18.3, 22.4, 28.9, 30.1, 29.9, 24.5, 19.5, 12.2, 8.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0.3, 2.9, 5.1, 8.2, 13.2, 18.8, 20.2, 20.2, 15.8, 11.7, 5, 1.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 5.1, 9.2, 12.7, 16.8, 22.8, 30.8, 33, 32.3, 25.5, 19.5, 10.7, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.9, 0, 2.4, 6, 12.3, 19.5, 21.5, 21.4, 15.9, 10.9, 2.5, -1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 4.6, 6.8, 10.2, 13.4, 17.8, 24.2, 25.8, 25.1, 20.4, 15.9, 8.1, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.7, 15.5, 19.3, 22.7, 27.7, 33.9, 34.3, 34.4, 28.2, 24.1, 15.9, 11 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.4, -1.6, 1, 3.9, 10.1, 15.7, 17.6, 16.7, 12.2, 7.6, 1.3, -1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 5, 6.6, 8.9, 12, 16.6, 22, 22.9, 23.8, 18.9, 15.3, 9.5, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.9, 20.6, 23, 26.8, 32.3, 36.2, 37.7, 36.9, 30.8, 27.9, 19.5, 17.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -4.8, -5.3, -3.5, 0.6, 7.8, 11.9, 14.5, 14.2, 9.7, 3.5, -3.1, -3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 1.9, 2, 2.2, 2, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 2.2, 3.5, 4.8, 6, 6.7, 7.3, 7.4, 6.8, 5.1, 4.1, 3.5, 3, 2.7, 2.4, 2.1, 4.7, 4.9, 5.1, 4.8, 4.4, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 4, 5.3, 6.8, 8.3, 9.5, 10.3, 11, 11.3, 11.1, 10, 8.2, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.4, 5, 7, 7, 7.1, 6.6, 6.3, 6, 5.6, 5.8, 7.3, 9.1, 10.8, 12.2, 13.3, 13.9, 14.5, 14.7, 14.6, 14, 12.4, 10.9, 10, 9.2, 8.4, 7.7, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 9.5, 9.1, 8.8, 8.7, 9.9, 11.7, 13.3, 14.7, 15.9, 16.8, 17.3, 17.8, 17.9, 17.7, 17.2, 16.2, 14.3, 13.1, 12.3, 11.5, 10.8, 14.6, 14.5, 14.6, 14.1, 13.8, 13.5, 14.1, 15.4, 16.7, 18, 19.2, 20.1, 20.9, 21.3, 21.7, 21.8, 21.5, 21.1, 20.4, 19.1, 17.5, 16.6, 15.9, 15.3, 20.8, 20.4, 20.2, 19.7, 19.3, 19, 20, 21.4, 22.9, 24.3, 25.6, 26.7, 27.5, 27.8, 28.2, 28.3, 28.2, 27.7, 27.1, 26, 24.3, 23.1, 22.3, 21.6, 22.5, 22, 21.8, 21.2, 20.8, 20.5, 21.2, 22.4, 23.8, 25.1, 26.3, 27.4, 28.3, 28.8, 29.4, 29.5, 29.5, 29.1, 28.6, 27.5, 25.9, 24.7, 23.9, 23.1, 22.3, 21.9, 21.6, 21.2, 20.8, 20.5, 20.5, 21.9, 23.5, 25, 26.3, 27.4, 28.3, 28.9, 29.1, 29.3, 29.2, 28.8, 28.1, 26.6, 25.1, 24.3, 23.4, 22.8, 17.5, 17.4, 17.3, 17, 16.7, 16.4, 16.2, 16.9, 18.3, 19.8, 21.1, 22.2, 23.1, 23.7, 24, 24.1, 23.9, 23.3, 22, 20.5, 19.7, 18.9, 18.3, 17.8, 13.3, 13.2, 13.1, 12.9, 12.6, 12.5, 12.3, 12.3, 13.4, 14.8, 16.1, 17.3, 18.2, 18.7, 19.1, 19.2, 18.9, 17.8, 16.3, 15.5, 14.8, 14.3, 13.8, 13.5, 6.8, 6.7, 6.8, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2, 5.9, 5.8, 6.1, 7.2, 8.5, 9.8, 10.9, 11.5, 12, 12, 11.3, 9.7, 8.9, 8.5, 7.9, 7.4, 7.1, 6.8, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3, 3.1, 3, 2.9, 2.7, 3.2, 4.3, 5.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.8, 7.8, 7, 5.7, 5.1, 4.7, 4.3, 3.9, 3.6, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 63, 61, 54, 56, 64, 49, 40, 40, 50, 58, 61, 68 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 9, 7.8, 8, 8, 16.6, 9.2, 11.6, 10.2, 11.8, 10, 9.4, 7.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 119, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 2, 2.2, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 1.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, 2, 2.2, 2, 2.6, 2, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 2.2, 1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 2.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 2.8, 1.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 2.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, 2.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.6, 2, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 2.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 2.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 1, 2.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.8, 2.2, 0.8, 0.4, 2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 2, 1.6, 4.4, 2.6, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 2.6, 1, 2, 1.2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 1.8, 0, 2.2, 1.8, 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2.2, 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 2, 2.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 6.4, 8.8, 8.2, 6.2, 0.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 13.6, 22.2, 30.4, 28.4, 28.2, 13, 6, 8, 25, 30, 26.2, 17 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 16.8, 13.4, 3.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 14.4, 12.2, 10.2, 11, 11.6, 7, 3.6, 4.8, 8.2, 11.6, 11.8, 15.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10.2, 15.6, 16, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 10.8, 19.2, 17.2, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:07:01.137Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.46427&longitude=9.18951&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4298, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "58,944 works by 257 institutions in Milan" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 66, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Milano Linate Airport (LIN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LIN, MXP, BGY, LUG, VBS" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 26, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 121, 139, 183, 178, 201, 229, 268, 241, 173, 126, 101, 102 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.696Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Stabio, 47 km away at 351 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2063, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.696Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Stabio, 47 km away at 351 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "rome-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 28.5, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Lazio (ITI4), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 27.81, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 44.74, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.49, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 4.79, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 14.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 30.7, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Roma", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 7.5, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Roma; on foot 7%, by bicycle 0.5%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 25, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 30, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1184 m at 42.06, 12.80; the centre sits at about 54 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 7, "note": "Rome urban centre (2,476,089 people, 2025): nearest edge 7 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 12.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 5.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Rome%22&per_page=1", "note": "12,312 accounts whose location names \"Rome\" or \"Roma\", over 2,318,895 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 31, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,674,225 tests (Rome, IT-62)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.169Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-62" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.488Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 12.9, 15, 16.7, 19.3, 23.9, 30.9, 34, 32.9, 27.9, 23.4, 17.5, 13.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 4.6, 5.1, 6.8, 8.7, 13.4, 18.7, 21.7, 21.4, 17.5, 13.8, 9.1, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 10.6, 12.9, 14.7, 18.2, 24.2, 32.3, 35.5, 34.5, 28.9, 23.2, 16.6, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 1.6, 2.4, 4.2, 6.6, 12.8, 19.6, 23.6, 23.3, 18.1, 13.2, 7.2, 3.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 9.7, 12.2, 13.6, 15, 19.7, 25.6, 29.9, 28.5, 23.6, 20.5, 13.2, 11.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 16.2, 17.4, 20.1, 24, 28.8, 35.4, 37.7, 37.3, 31.5, 26.8, 21.1, 16.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 0.3, 1.7, 2.3, 4.7, 10.5, 15.1, 18.9, 18.6, 13.9, 9.8, 4.7, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 10.2, 9.1, 10.6, 12.3, 15.9, 22, 24.2, 24.2, 20.4, 16.9, 13.1, 10.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 17.8, 20.4, 24.3, 27.6, 34.8, 39.9, 40.1, 38.9, 34.4, 31.9, 25, 20.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -2.2, -1.9, -0.8, -0.1, 8.1, 12.1, 17, 14.7, 10.1, 6.9, 1.4, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 6.5, 6.4, 6.4, 6.3, 6.1, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7, 5.9, 7.3, 8.9, 10.5, 11.6, 12.2, 12.5, 12.4, 11.9, 10.3, 9.3, 8.5, 8.1, 7.6, 7.1, 6.8, 7.3, 7.1, 7, 6.7, 6.4, 6.2, 5.9, 5.7, 6.5, 8.5, 10.5, 12.2, 13.5, 14.3, 14.7, 14.6, 14.1, 12.8, 10.9, 9.9, 9.2, 8.7, 8.2, 7.8, 8.7, 8.4, 8.4, 8, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7.7, 9.4, 11.4, 13.3, 14.8, 15.7, 16, 16.3, 16.1, 15.4, 14.4, 12.9, 11.6, 10.7, 10.2, 9.6, 9.3, 10.8, 10.4, 10.3, 9.9, 9.6, 9.3, 9.4, 10.9, 12.9, 15, 16.7, 17.8, 18.5, 18.7, 18.8, 18.4, 17.8, 17, 15.8, 14, 13.1, 12.4, 11.8, 11.3, 15.3, 14.9, 14.7, 14.4, 13.9, 13.7, 14.6, 16.3, 18.3, 20.2, 21.8, 22.8, 23.3, 23.1, 23, 22.7, 22.2, 21.5, 20.5, 19, 17.7, 16.9, 16.3, 15.8, 20.9, 20.4, 20, 19.5, 19.1, 18.9, 20.1, 22.2, 24.4, 26.6, 28.3, 29.6, 30.3, 30.1, 30, 29.5, 28.9, 28, 27, 25.4, 23.8, 22.8, 22.1, 21.6, 23.9, 23.3, 23, 22.6, 22.2, 21.9, 22.9, 24.9, 27.3, 29.5, 31.3, 32.8, 33.6, 33.4, 33.2, 32.7, 32.1, 31.2, 30, 28.5, 26.9, 25.9, 25.2, 24.5, 23.8, 23.3, 22.9, 22.5, 22.1, 21.7, 21.9, 23.6, 25.9, 28.2, 30.2, 31.6, 32.3, 32.3, 32.1, 31.7, 31.1, 30.2, 29, 27.4, 26.2, 25.4, 24.8, 24.2, 19.6, 19.2, 19.1, 18.7, 18.4, 18.1, 17.9, 19, 21, 23.1, 24.9, 26.2, 27, 27.4, 27.4, 27, 26.2, 25.2, 23.7, 22.3, 21.6, 21, 20.5, 19.9, 15.9, 15.6, 15.3, 15, 14.8, 14.5, 14.3, 14.6, 16.2, 18.2, 20.1, 21.6, 22.6, 23, 23, 22.7, 21.9, 20.4, 18.9, 18.1, 17.5, 17, 16.6, 16.2, 11.4, 11.3, 11.2, 10.9, 10.7, 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10.9, 12.5, 14.1, 15.5, 16.5, 17, 17.2, 16.9, 16, 14.5, 13.5, 12.9, 12.5, 12.1, 11.7, 11.4, 8, 7.8, 7.9, 7.7, 7.4, 7.3, 7.1, 6.9, 7, 8.4, 10.1, 11.6, 12.7, 13.2, 13.5, 13.4, 12.5, 11, 10.2, 9.8, 9.3, 9, 8.6, 8.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 55, 50, 53, 49, 50, 32, 17, 26, 41, 49, 56, 54 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 10.2, 7, 10, 10.8, 11.6, 5.6, 3.2, 6.8, 8.4, 10, 12.4, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 106, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 2.2, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1.8, 1, 0.8, 2.2, 1, 2.2, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 3, 2.6, 1.8, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 2, 2, 2, 2.2, 3.6, 4.8, 4.2, 2.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 1.4, 2.8, 3.4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2, 4, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 2.4, 1.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 1.4, 2.6, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 2, 2.2, 2.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 3, 2.6, 2.2, 1.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 3, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0, 2.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1, 2.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.6, 2.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 3, 2.4, 3.2, 3.6, 6.2, 2.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 2, 2.6, 2, 2, 2.6, 3.6, 2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.2, 3.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 1.6, 2.6, 3, 1.6, 0.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2.2, 3.2, 2.2, 2.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2.8, 12.8, 9.2, 8.2, 10, 2.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 28.2, 26.2, 30, 29.2, 29.8, 10.4, 2.2, 3.8, 20.8, 30.2, 28.8, 29.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 11.2, 13.4, 7, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 9.8, 7.6, 9.2, 7.4, 7.8, 2.4, 0.8, 1, 5.6, 7.8, 9.2, 9.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 9, 22.4, 22.6, 4.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 17.2, 25.6, 24, 5.8, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:08:42.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.89193&longitude=12.51133&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3029, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "70,241 works by 379 institutions in Rome" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 60, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 12, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport (CIA), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "CIA, FCO" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 47, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 68, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 131, 150, 186, 217, 267, 293, 342, 318, 237, 177, 124, 126 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.700Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Vigna di Valle, 32 km away at 260 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2568, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.700Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Vigna di Valle, 32 km away at 260 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "naples-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 18.7, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Campania (ITF3), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 16.51, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 28.11, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.34, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 15.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 18.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Napoli (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 17.3%, by bicycle 1%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 14, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1218 m at 40.82, 14.43; the centre sits at about 22 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 8.3, "note": "Naples urban centre (2,885,079 people, 2025): nearest edge 8.3 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 13.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 4.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Naples%22&per_page=1", "note": "3,887 accounts whose location names \"Naples\" or \"Napoli\", over 909,048 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 36.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 478,632 tests (Naples, IT-72)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.192Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-72" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.551Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 13.1, 14.4, 15.5, 17.9, 22.2, 28.2, 30.9, 30.9, 26.8, 22.7, 17.9, 14.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 6.2, 6.2, 7.4, 9.5, 14, 19.1, 21.9, 21.7, 18.4, 14.6, 10.8, 7.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 10.6, 12.2, 13.7, 17.1, 23, 30.6, 34.1, 33.5, 28.1, 22.9, 16.8, 13.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 3.5, 3.6, 5, 7.5, 13.6, 20.6, 24.5, 23.9, 19.1, 14.2, 9.3, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 9.9, 12.6, 12.4, 14.3, 18.7, 24.4, 27.9, 27.4, 22.8, 20.1, 13.8, 12.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 16, 16.7, 18.7, 22.1, 25.9, 31.9, 33.7, 34.3, 29.9, 25.6, 21.1, 17.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 1.8, 2.6, 2.7, 6.2, 11.6, 16.1, 19.2, 18.8, 14.7, 11.7, 6.5, 4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 11.4, 10, 11.6, 12.9, 16.4, 22.3, 24.1, 24.2, 21, 17.7, 15.3, 11.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 17.8, 19.3, 22.1, 25.6, 32, 36.7, 36.6, 36.7, 32.6, 29.4, 25.5, 19.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -2.6, -3, 0.5, 0.6, 7.9, 12.4, 17.6, 16.1, 11.7, 8.5, 2, 1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 8.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8, 7.9, 7.7, 7.5, 7.4, 7.7, 9, 10.5, 11.6, 12.2, 12.7, 12.7, 12.4, 11.8, 10.5, 9.9, 9.5, 9.2, 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 7.9, 8, 8.3, 8, 7.7, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 8, 9.8, 11.6, 12.9, 13.6, 14, 14, 13.7, 13.2, 12.1, 10.6, 10, 9.6, 9, 8.7, 8.3, 9.2, 9.2, 9.3, 9, 8.7, 8.5, 8.2, 8.7, 10.4, 12.2, 13.5, 14.4, 14.9, 15.2, 15.2, 14.9, 14.3, 13.6, 12.2, 11.3, 10.7, 10.4, 10, 9.7, 11.1, 11.1, 11.1, 10.8, 10.5, 10.2, 10.3, 11.9, 13.7, 15.2, 16.2, 16.9, 17.2, 17.4, 17.4, 17.1, 16.6, 15.8, 14.7, 13.4, 12.8, 12.3, 11.9, 11.6, 15.5, 15.4, 15.5, 15.2, 14.9, 14.7, 15.7, 17.3, 18.8, 20, 20.8, 21.2, 21.5, 21.7, 21.7, 21.3, 20.9, 20.3, 19.4, 18.2, 17.3, 16.8, 16.3, 16, 20.5, 20.4, 20.3, 20, 19.7, 19.6, 21, 22.8, 24.5, 25.8, 26.8, 27.3, 27.5, 27.7, 27.6, 27.4, 27, 26.3, 25.5, 24.2, 22.8, 22.2, 21.7, 21.2, 23.5, 23.4, 23.3, 22.9, 22.7, 22.3, 23.5, 25.4, 27.1, 28.5, 29.4, 29.9, 30.2, 30.5, 30.5, 30.3, 29.8, 29.1, 28.2, 27, 25.6, 24.9, 24.3, 23.9, 23.5, 23.4, 23.3, 23, 22.5, 22.2, 22.5, 24.5, 26.5, 28.2, 29.3, 30, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30, 29.4, 28.6, 27.7, 26.2, 25.3, 24.7, 24.2, 23.9, 20.2, 20.2, 20.2, 19.8, 19.5, 19.1, 18.9, 20.1, 22, 23.7, 24.8, 25.7, 26.1, 26.3, 26.3, 26, 25.5, 24.6, 23.3, 22.2, 21.7, 21.2, 20.7, 20.4, 16.4, 16.4, 16.4, 16, 15.7, 15.4, 15.1, 15.6, 17.3, 19.2, 20.7, 21.6, 22.1, 22.4, 22.3, 21.9, 21.2, 19.9, 18.8, 18.3, 17.9, 17.4, 17.1, 16.7, 12.9, 12.9, 12.9, 12.6, 12.4, 12.2, 12, 12, 12.8, 14.3, 15.6, 16.5, 17.1, 17.5, 17.4, 17.1, 16.2, 15, 14.5, 14.1, 13.7, 13.4, 13.1, 12.9, 9.5, 9.5, 9.8, 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 8.8, 8.7, 9, 10.3, 11.7, 13, 13.8, 14.3, 14.5, 14.1, 13.1, 11.9, 11.3, 10.9, 10.6, 10.2, 10, 9.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 60, 52, 54, 51, 52, 32, 16, 24, 42, 50, 61, 58 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13.2, 9.8, 13, 10.2, 11.8, 6, 3.2, 8.4, 9.6, 9.2, 16, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 121, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.8, 1.4, 3, 1.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 1.8, 1, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 2.2, 2.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 2.4, 3, 2.4, 2, 2.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2, 3.4, 4.4, 5, 2.8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 2, 2.4, 1.6, 2.4, 2, 3.8, 2.2, 2.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 2.2, 2.4, 3.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1.8, 3, 2, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1.2, 1.4, 2.2, 2.4, 2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 2.2, 2, 2.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 3, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 3.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 2.4, 1.4, 0.4, 2.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 2.2, 1.8, 2.8, 1, 2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 2.6, 3, 3, 2.8, 2.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 2.4, 4, 4.8, 7, 3.4, 2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2.2, 3.4, 2.4, 3.4, 3.2, 2.6, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 3.4, 3.2, 2.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 2.2, 4.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 3.4, 3.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 13.4, 10.2, 10.8, 10.2, 3.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 26.4, 25.4, 29.6, 29.2, 29.2, 6.8, 1.2, 2.4, 16, 29.2, 26.8, 29.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 11.6, 22.2, 19.4, 11.8, 2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 12.2, 8, 9.6, 8.8, 7.4, 3.2, 0.2, 0.6, 3.8, 7.4, 12, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 9.8, 25.8, 25, 8, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 11.6, 23.2, 21.8, 3.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:10:24.450Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.85216&longitude=14.26811&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2263, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "20,575 works by 61 institutions in Naples" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 55, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Naples International Airport (NAP), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "NAP, QSR" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 24, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 127, 148, 179, 201, 252, 288, 325, 310, 234, 193, 129, 119 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.704Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Grazzanise, 28 km away at 10 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2504, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:11.704Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Grazzanise, 28 km away at 10 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "bologna-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 25.3, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Emilia-Romagna (ITH5), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 23.94, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 31.93, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.28, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 18.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 39.6, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 14.6, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bologna; on foot 9.5%, by bicycle 5.2%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 75, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 34, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1092 m at 44.18, 11.32; the centre sits at about 73 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 1.6, "note": "Bologna urban centre (456,780 people, 2025): nearest edge 1.6 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 5.9 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 9.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Bologna%22&per_page=1", "note": "3,812 accounts whose location names \"Bologna\", over 394,843 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 37.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 236,492 tests (Bologna, IT-45)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.214Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-45" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.616Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 8, 11.6, 14.9, 17.7, 22.4, 29.5, 32.1, 31.1, 25.8, 20.7, 13, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0.8, 3.3, 5, 7.7, 12.8, 18.5, 20.6, 19.9, 16, 11.9, 5.9, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 5.5, 9.5, 12.7, 16.4, 22.6, 31.3, 33.9, 32.6, 26.1, 20.2, 11.1, 6.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.4, 0.4, 2.2, 5.2, 11.6, 18.6, 21.4, 20.7, 15.8, 11, 3.5, -0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 5, 6.6, 10.3, 12.1, 17.5, 24.4, 27.9, 26, 21, 16.2, 8.7, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.5, 15.2, 19.8, 22.5, 27.1, 34, 36.1, 35.7, 29.8, 25.4, 17.6, 12.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -2.3, -1.1, -0.2, 3.3, 9.6, 15.2, 17.5, 16.9, 12.2, 7.7, 1.9, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 4.8, 7, 9.5, 11.6, 15.5, 21.6, 23.4, 22.6, 19.5, 15.6, 9.8, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 16.6, 18.3, 24, 26.7, 31.4, 37.6, 38.6, 37.6, 32.2, 31.6, 22.1, 20.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -4.7, -5.2, -2.3, -0.3, 8.2, 12.9, 13.2, 13.2, 8.1, 4.6, -2.7, -2.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.1, 3.4, 4.9, 6, 6.9, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3, 6.7, 5.1, 4.2, 3.8, 3.5, 3.2, 3.1, 2.9, 5, 5, 5.2, 4.9, 4.6, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.7, 6.8, 8.5, 9.6, 10.5, 10.8, 11, 11.1, 10.8, 9.6, 7.9, 6.9, 6.5, 5.9, 5.6, 5.3, 6.7, 6.8, 6.8, 6.4, 6.1, 5.9, 5.7, 6, 8.1, 10.4, 11.8, 13, 13.9, 14.4, 14.4, 14.4, 14.1, 13.4, 11.5, 9.9, 8.9, 8.2, 7.6, 7.2, 9.6, 9.5, 9.5, 9.1, 8.8, 8.5, 8.6, 10.2, 12.3, 13.8, 14.9, 15.9, 16.6, 16.8, 17.1, 17.1, 16.7, 16.1, 14.9, 13, 11.9, 11.1, 10.5, 10, 14.3, 14, 14.1, 13.8, 13.5, 13.3, 14.2, 15.9, 17.4, 18.6, 19.7, 20.7, 21.4, 21.6, 21.8, 21.7, 21.5, 21, 20.2, 18.6, 17.1, 16.2, 15.5, 14.9, 20.3, 20, 19.8, 19.4, 18.9, 18.8, 20.1, 22.1, 23.8, 25.1, 26.4, 27.5, 28.3, 28.5, 28.8, 28.9, 28.7, 28.2, 27.3, 25.8, 23.9, 22.7, 21.7, 21, 22.9, 22.4, 22, 21.6, 21.2, 20.8, 21.8, 23.8, 25.6, 27.1, 28.4, 29.7, 30.6, 30.9, 31.3, 31.5, 31.4, 30.9, 30, 28.6, 26.7, 25.5, 24.5, 23.6, 22, 21.7, 21.3, 20.9, 20.5, 20.2, 20.5, 22.6, 24.7, 26.3, 27.8, 29.1, 30, 30.2, 30.4, 30.6, 30.3, 29.7, 28.6, 26.7, 25.3, 24.2, 23.3, 22.6, 17.8, 17.7, 17.4, 17.1, 16.8, 16.6, 16.4, 17.6, 19.8, 21.4, 22.7, 23.8, 24.7, 24.9, 25.3, 25.4, 25, 24.2, 22.6, 21, 20, 19.3, 18.7, 18.1, 13.8, 13.6, 13.4, 13.2, 13.1, 12.9, 12.7, 12.9, 14.7, 16.5, 17.9, 19, 19.8, 20, 20.3, 20.2, 19.7, 18.4, 16.9, 16.1, 15.4, 14.7, 14.3, 14, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 7.1, 7, 7.5, 9.1, 10.6, 11.5, 12.3, 12.5, 12.5, 12.3, 11.5, 10, 9.2, 8.8, 8.4, 8, 7.7, 7.5, 4.1, 3.9, 4, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 4.7, 6.2, 7.2, 7.9, 8.1, 8.2, 8.1, 7.2, 5.9, 5.5, 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, 4.4, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 64, 55, 50, 54, 55, 40, 30, 34, 46, 54, 60, 65 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 8.4, 6, 8.4, 10.4, 12.4, 7, 5, 7, 8.2, 6.2, 8.8, 8.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 96, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 2.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1.6, 0.4, 1.6, 2.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2, 2.2, 1.8, 1, 2.8, 1.8, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 2.8, 1.4, 3.6, 2.6, 1.6, 3.2, 2, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 2.2, 1.8, 3, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 2.4, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 2.6, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 2, 1, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 2.6, 2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 2.6, 2, 2.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 1.4, 2.6, 2.4, 2, 2.6, 1.6, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 2.6, 2.2, 2.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 9.6, 9.6, 9.4, 7.2, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 12.4, 22, 28.4, 29, 28.2, 10.8, 4.8, 8, 25.4, 29.6, 27.2, 19.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 5.6, 6.8, 1.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 13.6, 9.6, 8.4, 9.8, 9, 4, 2.4, 3.2, 5.8, 10.6, 12, 15.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 7.8, 20.2, 16.6, 1.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 14, 23.2, 18.6, 1.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:12:07.343Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=44.49381&longitude=11.33875&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4908, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "19,380 works by 80 institutions in Bologna" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 68, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport (BLQ), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BLQ, FRL, FLR, PMF" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "florence-it": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1978-05-22;194~art4", "note": "In the first 90 days when the woman states that continuing would seriously endanger her physical or mental health, given her health, economic, social or family circumstances, how conception occurred, or a fetal anomaly (Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, art. 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 34, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-05-20;76", "note": "Civil unions: Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76 (Cirinnà) (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 23.8, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Toscana (ITI1), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 22.77, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 32.73, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.39, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 18.9, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 32.6, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 15.2, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Firenze; on foot 9%, by bicycle 6.3%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 78, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 25, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1144 m at 43.73, 11.55; the centre sits at about 47 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 1.9, "note": "Florence urban centre (711,105 people, 2025): nearest edge 1.9 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 3.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 8.1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Florence%22&per_page=1", "note": "2,977 accounts whose location names \"Florence\" or \"Firenze\", over 367,150 residents; the count includes the few naming Florence in United States (4% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2003-04-08;66", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (D.Lgs. 66/2003, art. 10)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 111, 136, 176, 189, 250, 278, 320, 299, 223, 160, 112, 106 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:12.422Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16158.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Pisa / S. Giusto, 70 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2360, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:12.422Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16158.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Pisa / S. Giusto, 70 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 28, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 254,380 tests (Florence, IT-52)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.233Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in IT-52" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5919, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11838, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.774Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ITA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 31.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.811Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 11, 13.6, 15.9, 18.7, 23.1, 30.1, 32.9, 32.7, 26.7, 22.2, 15.8, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 3, 4, 5, 7.3, 12, 17.1, 19.4, 19.3, 15.4, 12.1, 7, 4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 8.4, 11.3, 13.6, 17.4, 23.4, 31.9, 34.9, 34, 27.3, 21.9, 14.1, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.3, 11.2, 18, 21, 20.8, 15.8, 11.4, 5, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 7.5, 8.9, 12.2, 14.6, 18.7, 25, 28.5, 27.6, 22, 18.2, 11.3, 9.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 14.5, 17, 19.7, 23.4, 27.6, 35.3, 36.7, 37.3, 31.3, 26.1, 19.8, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.9, -0.5, -0.5, 2.8, 9, 14.1, 16.5, 16.4, 10.8, 7.6, 2.5, -1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.9, 8.8, 10, 11.3, 14.6, 20.1, 21.8, 22.2, 18.8, 16, 11.1, 9.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 16.8, 22.4, 25.7, 27.7, 33.2, 39, 38.4, 39.2, 35.6, 31, 22.5, 20.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -4.2, -4.8, -3.2, -1.9, 6.9, 9.9, 12.7, 12, 7.5, 3.5, -2.8, -3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 5, 5.1, 5.1, 5.1, 5, 5, 4.9, 4.8, 4.8, 6, 7.7, 9.1, 10.1, 10.6, 10.7, 10.5, 9.7, 8.4, 7.6, 6.8, 6.1, 5.7, 5.3, 5, 5.9, 5.9, 5.9, 5.8, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, 5.3, 5.8, 7.7, 9.8, 11.3, 12.3, 12.9, 13.2, 13.1, 12.6, 11.2, 9.6, 8.7, 7.7, 7, 6.5, 6.2, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.4, 8.5, 10.9, 12.7, 14.1, 14.9, 15.4, 15.5, 15.4, 15, 14.1, 12.2, 10.7, 9.7, 8.7, 7.9, 7.3, 9.1, 8.9, 8.8, 8.5, 8.3, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.5, 14.5, 15.9, 17, 17.6, 18.2, 18.2, 18, 17.6, 16.8, 15.5, 13.4, 12.3, 11.3, 10.4, 9.7, 13.8, 13.5, 13.3, 12.9, 12.6, 12.4, 13.5, 15.6, 17.6, 19.3, 20.6, 21.5, 22.2, 22.5, 22.5, 22.3, 21.9, 21.2, 20.3, 18.7, 17.1, 16.1, 15.3, 14.6, 19.4, 18.9, 18.3, 17.9, 17.4, 17.3, 18.9, 21.3, 23.5, 25.4, 26.8, 28.1, 28.9, 29.3, 29.5, 29.5, 29, 28.2, 27.1, 25.5, 23.6, 22.4, 21.3, 20.4, 22.1, 21.5, 21, 20.3, 19.9, 19.5, 20.8, 23.3, 25.7, 27.7, 29.3, 30.6, 31.5, 32.1, 32.4, 32.3, 32, 31.3, 30.2, 28.5, 26.4, 24.9, 23.8, 22.9, 21.9, 21.4, 20.8, 20.2, 19.9, 19.6, 19.9, 22.2, 24.9, 27.3, 29.3, 30.6, 31.5, 31.9, 32.2, 32.1, 31.6, 30.9, 29.6, 27.6, 26, 24.7, 23.6, 22.6, 17.5, 17.2, 16.8, 16.5, 16.3, 16.1, 15.9, 17.2, 19.7, 22, 23.7, 24.8, 25.6, 26, 26.2, 26, 25.6, 24.7, 22.9, 21.3, 20.3, 19.4, 18.6, 18, 13.8, 13.6, 13.5, 13.3, 13.2, 13.1, 13, 13.2, 14.9, 17.2, 19, 20.4, 21.3, 21.8, 21.8, 21.5, 20.9, 19.3, 17.7, 16.9, 15.9, 15.2, 14.7, 14.2, 9.3, 9.2, 9, 8.9, 8.8, 8.6, 8.5, 8.4, 9.1, 10.9, 12.7, 14.1, 15, 15.4, 15.4, 15, 13.9, 12.5, 11.7, 11, 10.4, 10, 9.7, 9.4, 6.1, 6.1, 6.1, 6, 5.9, 5.8, 5.8, 5.7, 5.7, 6.9, 8.7, 10.3, 11.3, 11.9, 12, 11.6, 10.6, 9.3, 8.5, 7.9, 7.2, 6.8, 6.5, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 66, 61, 56, 54, 56, 39, 26, 35, 48, 57, 63, 63 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 11.6, 9, 10, 11.4, 13.2, 6.4, 5.4, 7, 10.2, 10.6, 13, 14 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 122, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 1.4, 0.8, 1.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 2.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 1, 1, 1, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 2.2, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1.4, 2.6, 3.2, 3, 3.8, 2.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 1.6, 1.4, 2.8, 2.4, 2.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 1.6, 2.4, 2.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 2.4, 2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 3.2, 1.8, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 2.2, 1.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 2.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.8, 2.4, 1.6, 2, 3.2, 4, 4.6, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1.8, 2.6, 3, 2.2, 1.6, 2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 1, 1.6, 2.4, 1.2, 2, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 1.2, 3.6, 1.2, 1.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.8, 9.8, 7.2, 7, 7.6, 1, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 22, 23, 28.6, 28.2, 28.8, 11.4, 3.2, 6.8, 23.4, 30, 28, 26.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.2, 10.8, 7.2, 3.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 14.2, 11.4, 10, 8.4, 9.6, 4, 1.6, 3.2, 6.8, 9.2, 12.4, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.2, 13, 10.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 15.2, 24, 20.8, 3.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:13:48.755Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.77925&longitude=11.24626&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4011, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "14,726 works by 68 institutions in Florence" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 65, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Florence Airport, Peretola (FLR), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "FLR, PSA, FRL, BLQ" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 10, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 17.7, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.19, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.58, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ITA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 72.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.57, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 758, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "london-gb": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/section/1", "note": "To 24 weeks when two doctors judge that continuing carries a greater risk than ending it to the woman's physical or mental health or her existing children's; later only for her life, grave permanent injury or serious fetal anomaly. Since 29 April 2026 a woman commits no offence in England and Wales for acts concerning her own pregnancy (Abortion Act 1967, s. 1 (England, Wales and Scotland); Crime and Policing Act 2026, s. 241; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/section/1", "note": "Marriage: Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013; Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014; Northern Ireland from 13 January 2020 (S.I. 2019/1514, reg. 3) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 59.6, "period": "2019", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "London (UKI), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 52.6, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "London", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.13, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "London", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 36.7, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "London", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.5, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "London; 130 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 57.2, "period": "2017", "level": "city", "note": "London", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 13.6, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "London; on foot 9.3%, by bicycle 4.3%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frc_london" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 36, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 23 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 15.5, "note": "London urban centre (10,408,332 people, 2025): nearest edge 15.5 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 22.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 17.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22London%22&per_page=1", "note": "154,432 accounts whose location names \"London\", over 8,961,989 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 28, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5.6 weeks (28 days) a year; bank holidays may be included and are not an additional guaranteed paid entitlement (GOV.UK: holiday entitlement)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 47.1, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 2,896,935 tests (London, GB-ENG)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.256Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GB", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in GB-ENG" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14747, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 28850, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.842Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 11.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.45, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1764, "period": "2026-09", "level": "region", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "London, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2651, "period": "2026-09", "level": "region", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "London, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.3, 9.6, 11.8, 14.1, 17.8, 22, 23, 22.8, 20.2, 16.2, 11.3, 9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.5, 3.4, 4.2, 5, 8.8, 12.1, 14.3, 13.9, 12.1, 9.5, 5.7, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.8, 5.9, 8.1, 10.6, 15.5, 20.7, 21.9, 21.5, 18.8, 14.2, 8.6, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.3, -0.3, 0.8, 1.7, 6.6, 10.7, 13.3, 13.1, 10.9, 7.3, 2.8, 1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 3.2, 5.1, 7.8, 10, 13.2, 16.9, 19.4, 19.4, 16.1, 13, 6.7, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 12.1, 13.1, 16, 18, 21.8, 27.3, 27.9, 27.1, 24.7, 18.7, 15, 12.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3, -1, 0, 0.9, 5.9, 8.5, 11.2, 11, 7.9, 6, 0.6, -2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.9, 8.2, 8.5, 9.1, 12.1, 15.7, 17.5, 16.9, 15.7, 12.6, 10.2, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.9, 16.6, 21.4, 25.9, 28.5, 32, 37.9, 32.9, 31.4, 23.3, 17.3, 14.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -5.1, -10.3, -3.6, -3.1, 0.9, 6.3, 8.9, 9.7, 4.4, 1.9, -2.8, -5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.8, 3.8, 3.6, 3.6, 3.4, 3.3, 3.3, 3.2, 3.2, 3.8, 4.7, 5.6, 6.2, 6.6, 6.8, 6.5, 5.7, 4.9, 4.5, 4.2, 4, 3.9, 3.8, 3.6, 5.3, 5.3, 5.2, 5, 4.9, 4.9, 5, 4.9, 5.3, 6.3, 7.2, 8.1, 8.7, 9.1, 9.2, 9.1, 8.7, 7.8, 7.1, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.6, 5.4, 6.1, 6, 5.8, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, 5.1, 5.5, 6.6, 7.8, 9.1, 10, 10.6, 11.1, 11.3, 11.3, 10.9, 10.3, 9.1, 8.2, 7.5, 7, 6.7, 6.4, 7, 6.6, 6.3, 6, 5.8, 5.7, 6.3, 7.6, 9, 10.4, 11.5, 12.5, 13, 13.6, 13.7, 13.6, 13.2, 12.6, 11.6, 10.2, 9.2, 8.4, 7.8, 7.2, 10.5, 10.1, 9.8, 9.5, 9.2, 9.5, 10.5, 11.8, 13.1, 14.4, 15.4, 16.2, 16.6, 16.9, 17.2, 17.1, 17, 16.5, 15.7, 14.6, 13.2, 12.3, 11.6, 11, 14.1, 13.5, 13.1, 12.7, 12.4, 13.1, 14.2, 15.6, 17, 18.3, 19.4, 20.3, 20.7, 21.1, 21.5, 21.5, 21.4, 21, 20.2, 19.1, 17.7, 16.5, 15.6, 14.8, 16.1, 15.6, 15.2, 14.9, 14.6, 14.9, 15.9, 17.1, 18.4, 19.5, 20.5, 21.4, 21.8, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.3, 21.9, 21.3, 20.4, 19, 18, 17.2, 16.5, 15.9, 15.4, 15.1, 14.8, 14.6, 14.4, 15.1, 16.3, 17.8, 19.2, 20.3, 21.1, 21.6, 22, 22.3, 22.3, 22.2, 21.6, 20.7, 19.5, 18.3, 17.5, 16.8, 16.2, 13.9, 13.5, 13.3, 13.1, 12.9, 12.8, 12.9, 13.9, 15.3, 16.7, 18, 18.9, 19.3, 19.6, 19.7, 19.6, 19.3, 18.6, 17.4, 16.3, 15.6, 15, 14.5, 14, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 10.9, 10.9, 10.9, 10.9, 11.1, 12, 13.1, 14.1, 15, 15.4, 15.7, 15.8, 15.6, 15.1, 13.9, 13, 12.6, 12.2, 11.9, 11.6, 11.4, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.5, 7.4, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 8.4, 9.3, 10, 10.5, 10.8, 10.8, 10.4, 9.6, 9.1, 8.7, 8.4, 8.1, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2, 6.2, 6.1, 6.1, 6.1, 6.1, 6.1, 6.5, 7.2, 7.9, 8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.2, 7.5, 7.2, 7.1, 6.9, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 72, 75, 68, 61, 65, 59, 61, 61, 64, 74, 72, 78 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 11.6, 11.2, 12.4, 8, 12.2, 9, 10.8, 7, 12.2, 13.2, 12, 11 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 131, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 1, 1.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 3.4, 1.6, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 7.2, 14.6, 20.8, 25.2, 29.6, 28.8, 29, 30.4, 29.6, 30.6, 22.6, 16.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.2, 17.6, 14.8, 12.2, 11.4, 10.2, 11.4, 11.2, 12.6, 15.4, 13.8, 20.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.2, 1.8, 1.8, 1.4, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:15:30.683Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.50853&longitude=-0.12574&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1714, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "153,585 works by 2142 institutions in London" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 50, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 24, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "London Heathrow Airport (LHR), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LCY, LHR, LGW, LTN, STN, SEN" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.6, "period": "2024-07-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://electionresults.parliament.uk/general-elections/6/political-parties", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 4 Jul 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 33.7% (4.4), Conservatives 23.7% (7.4), Reform UK 14.3% (8.7, party-family average), Liberal Democrats 12.2% (4.3), Green Party 6.4% (2.6), Scottish National Party 2.5% (3.6). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 157, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 81, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 61, 79, 124, 177, 208, 208, 218, 202, 157, 115, 71, 55 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:12.429Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Heathrow, 23 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1675, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:12.429Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Heathrow, 23 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.53, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GBR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 92.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.12, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 853, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "cambridge-gb": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/section/1", "note": "To 24 weeks when two doctors judge that continuing carries a greater risk than ending it to the woman's physical or mental health or her existing children's; later only for her life, grave permanent injury or serious fetal anomaly. Since 29 April 2026 a woman commits no offence in England and Wales for acts concerning her own pregnancy (Abortion Act 1967, s. 1 (England, Wales and Scotland); Crime and Policing Act 2026, s. 241; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/section/1", "note": "Marriage: Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013; Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014; Northern Ireland from 13 January 2020 (S.I. 2019/1514, reg. 3) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 12.4, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 33.3, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 6.4, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge; 8 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 79.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 48.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cambridge; on foot 16.9%, by bicycle 31.9%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 65, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 13 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 0.9, "note": "Cambridge urban centre (136,064 people, 2025): nearest edge 0.9 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 2.6 km" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 28, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5.6 weeks (28 days) a year; bank holidays may be included and are not an additional guaranteed paid entitlement (GOV.UK: holiday entitlement)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 63.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 115,112 tests (Cambridge, GB-ENG)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.256Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GB", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in GB-ENG" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14747, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 28850, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:47.906Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 11.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.45, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1255, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Cambridge, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1908, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Cambridge, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.1, 9.5, 11.5, 13.4, 17, 21.3, 22.6, 22.8, 20.4, 16, 10.9, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.3, 3.2, 3.8, 4.4, 8.3, 11.9, 13.7, 13.6, 11.8, 9.2, 5.5, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.2, 5.5, 7.8, 9.9, 14.9, 20, 21.5, 21.2, 18.6, 13.6, 7.9, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.8, -0.9, 0.2, 1, 5.9, 10.1, 12.5, 12.4, 10.3, 6.7, 2.1, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.7, 4.7, 7.4, 9.6, 12.9, 15.8, 18.8, 18.8, 16, 12.9, 6.2, 3.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 12.1, 13.3, 15.7, 17.3, 21.1, 26.4, 27.2, 27.2, 25.1, 19.2, 14.8, 12.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.3, -1.1, -1, 0.2, 5.5, 8.1, 10.9, 10.7, 7.3, 5.3, 0.4, -1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.3, 7.9, 7.9, 8, 11.9, 15.3, 16.4, 16.4, 15.5, 12.7, 10, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15, 16.7, 21.5, 23.1, 25.8, 30.9, 38.4, 33.2, 32.2, 23.5, 17.6, 15.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -6, -10.6, -4.1, -2.4, 1, 5.6, 9.1, 8.4, 4.5, 1.1, -3.9, -6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.6, 3.6, 3.4, 3.3, 3.1, 3, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 3.4, 4.3, 5.2, 5.9, 6.3, 6.4, 6.1, 5.3, 4.6, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 3.6, 3.4, 5.2, 5.1, 5, 4.9, 4.9, 4.8, 4.8, 4.8, 5.1, 6, 7.1, 7.9, 8.6, 9, 9.1, 9, 8.5, 7.5, 6.9, 6.5, 6, 5.7, 5.4, 5.1, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.1, 4.9, 4.8, 5.2, 6.4, 7.7, 8.8, 9.8, 10.5, 11, 11.1, 11.1, 10.8, 10, 8.7, 7.8, 7.1, 6.6, 6.3, 6, 6.3, 6, 5.8, 5.5, 5.3, 5.1, 5.7, 7, 8.6, 10, 11.1, 11.9, 12.5, 12.9, 13, 12.9, 12.5, 11.9, 10.8, 9.4, 8.4, 7.6, 7.1, 6.6, 10, 9.8, 9.4, 9.1, 8.8, 9.1, 10.2, 11.4, 12.7, 13.9, 14.9, 15.6, 16, 16.2, 16.5, 16.5, 16.2, 15.7, 15, 13.9, 12.6, 11.7, 11, 10.4, 13.8, 13.3, 12.8, 12.5, 12.2, 12.8, 14, 15.3, 16.6, 17.8, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.5, 20.8, 20.9, 20.7, 20.3, 19.6, 18.6, 17.1, 16, 15.2, 14.6, 15.6, 15.2, 14.8, 14.4, 14.1, 14.4, 15.4, 16.7, 18, 19.2, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 21.7, 22, 22.1, 21.8, 21.5, 20.8, 19.8, 18.4, 17.4, 16.7, 16, 15.8, 15.2, 14.8, 14.4, 14.1, 13.9, 14.8, 16.2, 17.7, 19.1, 20.2, 21, 21.6, 22, 22.3, 22.3, 22.1, 21.6, 20.8, 19.5, 18.3, 17.4, 16.8, 16.2, 13.7, 13.3, 13, 12.8, 12.6, 12.4, 12.5, 13.6, 15.2, 16.7, 18, 18.9, 19.4, 19.9, 19.9, 19.8, 19.4, 18.6, 17.3, 16.1, 15.4, 14.8, 14.3, 13.9, 11.1, 10.9, 10.7, 10.6, 10.5, 10.5, 10.5, 10.7, 11.6, 12.8, 13.8, 14.7, 15.2, 15.5, 15.6, 15.4, 14.8, 13.7, 12.9, 12.4, 12, 11.7, 11.4, 11.2, 7.4, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 7, 7, 7, 7.3, 8.1, 8.9, 9.7, 10.2, 10.5, 10.5, 10.1, 9.2, 8.6, 8.3, 8.1, 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.3, 6, 6, 5.9, 5.8, 5.8, 5.8, 5.8, 5.8, 5.8, 6.1, 6.8, 7.4, 7.9, 8.2, 8.2, 7.9, 7.3, 7, 6.8, 6.6, 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, 6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 69, 75, 67, 61, 67, 60, 63, 61, 63, 73, 72, 77 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 11.4, 10.4, 12, 8.2, 13, 8.2, 12.2, 8.2, 9.4, 11.2, 10.2, 12.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 127, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0, 1, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 1.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1.8, 1.8, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 6.2, 13.2, 19.8, 24.6, 30, 29.4, 29.4, 30.6, 28.8, 30.2, 20.6, 13 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 16.6, 16.4, 13.4, 11.2, 13.4, 10.8, 11, 11.2, 12.4, 15.4, 14, 19.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.8, 2.6, 1.8, 1.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:17:12.192Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.2&longitude=0.11667&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 22529, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "32,819 works by 276 institutions in Cambridge" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 95, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 36, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "London Stansted Airport (STN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "STN, LTN, LCY, SEN, LHR, NWI" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.6, "period": "2024-07-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://electionresults.parliament.uk/general-elections/6/political-parties", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 4 Jul 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 33.7% (4.4), Conservatives 23.7% (7.4), Reform UK 14.3% (8.7, party-family average), Liberal Democrats 12.2% (4.3), Green Party 6.4% (2.6), Scottish National Party 2.5% (3.6). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 27, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.53, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GBR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 92.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.12, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 853, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "manchester-gb": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/section/1", "note": "To 24 weeks when two doctors judge that continuing carries a greater risk than ending it to the woman's physical or mental health or her existing children's; later only for her life, grave permanent injury or serious fetal anomaly. Since 29 April 2026 a woman commits no offence in England and Wales for acts concerning her own pregnancy (Abortion Act 1967, s. 1 (England, Wales and Scotland); Crime and Policing Act 2026, s. 241; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/section/1", "note": "Marriage: Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013; Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014; Northern Ireland from 13 January 2020 (S.I. 2019/1514, reg. 3) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 41.2, "period": "2019", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Greater Manchester (UKD3), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 27.4, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.18, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 19.2, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 28.6, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester; 12 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 52.3, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 19.1, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Manchester; on foot 14.9%, by bicycle 4.2%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 34, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 56 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 8.7, "note": "Manchester urban centre (2,539,907 people, 2025): nearest edge 8.7 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 14.1 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 26.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Manchester%22&per_page=1", "note": "14,908 accounts whose location names \"Manchester\", over 568,996 residents; the count includes the few naming Manchester in United States (3% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 28, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5.6 weeks (28 days) a year; bank holidays may be included and are not an additional guaranteed paid entitlement (GOV.UK: holiday entitlement)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 52, 73, 101, 140, 184, 174, 179, 174, 133, 102, 55, 48 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.132Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/03334.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Manchester Airport, 15 km away at 69 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1412, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.132Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/03334.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Manchester Airport, 15 km away at 69 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 52, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,078,418 tests (Manchester, GB-ENG)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.256Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GB", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in GB-ENG" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14747, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 28850, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.026Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 11.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.45, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1007, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Manchester, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1441, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Manchester, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.7, 8.9, 11.1, 13.2, 16.8, 19.7, 20.5, 20.3, 18.2, 14.6, 10.2, 8.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.3, 3.4, 3.7, 4.3, 8.6, 11.1, 13, 12.8, 11.1, 9, 5, 3.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.2, 5.2, 7.6, 10, 14.8, 18.4, 19.7, 19.2, 16.9, 12.6, 7.6, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.4, -0.4, 0.2, 1.1, 6.4, 9.6, 12.2, 11.7, 9.5, 6.7, 2, 0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.4, 5.4, 7, 9.7, 12.8, 15.4, 16.9, 17.2, 14.2, 11.6, 5.6, 4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11, 12.3, 15.4, 16.9, 20.8, 24.7, 25.7, 24.2, 22.6, 17.2, 14, 11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.1, -0.9, -0.6, -0.8, 5.4, 7.7, 10.2, 9.7, 6.9, 5.9, -0.9, -1.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 5.4, 7.5, 8.2, 8.5, 12, 14.8, 15.6, 15.5, 15.2, 12.2, 9.6, 8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.6, 15.8, 18.8, 25.8, 25.8, 29.4, 36.1, 30.6, 26.9, 21.3, 17.2, 14.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -7.8, -3.8, -3.5, -3.5, 0.5, 4.8, 7.5, 8, 3.5, 1.6, -5.1, -6.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.4, 3.5, 3.4, 3.4, 3.4, 3.3, 3.3, 3.3, 3.2, 3.5, 4.3, 5.1, 5.5, 5.9, 6.1, 5.8, 5, 4.4, 4.1, 4, 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.1, 5, 5, 5, 4.9, 5.1, 5.9, 6.8, 7.5, 7.8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.3, 7.9, 7.2, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.6, 5.4, 5.2, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, 5.1, 5, 4.9, 4.8, 5.2, 6.2, 7.4, 8.5, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 10.7, 10.6, 10.4, 9.8, 8.7, 7.7, 7, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 6.5, 6.2, 5.9, 5.6, 5.4, 5.1, 5.7, 7, 8.4, 9.7, 10.7, 11.6, 12, 12.5, 12.7, 12.7, 12.5, 12, 11.3, 9.9, 8.9, 8.1, 7.6, 7, 10.2, 9.9, 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 9.4, 10.3, 11.4, 12.6, 13.7, 14.7, 15.4, 15.7, 16.1, 16.3, 16.2, 16.1, 15.7, 15.1, 14.2, 12.8, 11.9, 11.2, 10.7, 13, 12.5, 12.2, 11.8, 11.6, 12.4, 13.4, 14.5, 15.6, 16.6, 17.5, 18.2, 18.6, 19, 19, 19, 18.9, 18.5, 18, 17.2, 16, 14.8, 14.1, 13.5, 14.6, 14.2, 14, 13.8, 13.7, 13.9, 14.7, 15.7, 16.7, 17.7, 18.5, 19.2, 19.4, 19.6, 19.9, 19.9, 19.7, 19.4, 18.9, 18.2, 17, 16, 15.4, 15, 14.4, 14.2, 14, 13.8, 13.6, 13.4, 14, 15.2, 16.3, 17.4, 18.3, 19, 19.4, 19.7, 19.9, 19.9, 19.7, 19.3, 18.7, 17.5, 16.4, 15.7, 15.2, 14.8, 12.8, 12.6, 12.4, 12.3, 12.2, 12.2, 12.2, 12.9, 14, 15.1, 16.1, 16.9, 17.3, 17.6, 17.8, 17.6, 17.4, 16.9, 15.8, 14.8, 14.1, 13.6, 13.2, 12.9, 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, 10.6, 10.5, 10.3, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, 12, 12.8, 13.5, 13.8, 14.1, 14.2, 14.1, 13.6, 12.8, 12.1, 11.7, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 10.9, 7, 7.1, 6.9, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.8, 7.5, 8.3, 9.1, 9.5, 9.7, 9.7, 9.4, 8.6, 8.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 6.9, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.5, 5.5, 5.5, 5.5, 5.5, 5.8, 6.4, 7, 7.4, 7.6, 7.6, 7.3, 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.1, 6, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 74, 80, 70, 64, 69, 67, 73, 67, 71, 80, 76, 80 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 15.6, 15.2, 13.8, 12.6, 15.6, 12.4, 19.6, 15.4, 15.2, 18.6, 16, 18.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 188, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4.2, 10.2, 20, 24.8, 29.2, 28.8, 28, 30, 28.4, 29.6, 19.2, 11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.2, 17.8, 15, 14.6, 14.4, 13.2, 16.4, 13.4, 15.4, 19, 17.8, 19.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.2, 1.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.8, 2.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:18:54.297Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.48095&longitude=-2.23743&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4268, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "24,285 works by 132 institutions in Manchester" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 66, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Manchester Airport (MAN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MAN, LPL, LBA, EMA" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.6, "period": "2024-07-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://electionresults.parliament.uk/general-elections/6/political-parties", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 4 Jul 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 33.7% (4.4), Conservatives 23.7% (7.4), Reform UK 14.3% (8.7, party-family average), Liberal Democrats 12.2% (4.3), Green Party 6.4% (2.6), Scottish National Party 2.5% (3.6). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 10, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.53, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GBR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 92.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.12, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 853, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "bristol-gb": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/section/1", "note": "To 24 weeks when two doctors judge that continuing carries a greater risk than ending it to the woman's physical or mental health or her existing children's; later only for her life, grave permanent injury or serious fetal anomaly. Since 29 April 2026 a woman commits no offence in England and Wales for acts concerning her own pregnancy (Abortion Act 1967, s. 1 (England, Wales and Scotland); Crime and Policing Act 2026, s. 241; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/section/1", "note": "Marriage: Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013; Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014; Northern Ireland from 13 January 2020 (S.I. 2019/1514, reg. 3) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 12.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.15, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 17.24, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 15.9, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.5, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol; 7 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 59.1, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 28.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bristol; on foot 20.2%, by bicycle 8.1%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 9, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 22 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.2, "note": "Bristol urban centre (680,809 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.2 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 6.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 15.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Bristol%22&per_page=1", "note": "7,630 accounts whose location names \"Bristol\", over 479,024 residents; the count includes the few naming Bristol in United States (2% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 28, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5.6 weeks (28 days) a year; bank holidays may be included and are not an additional guaranteed paid entitlement (GOV.UK: holiday entitlement)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 55, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 386,806 tests (Bristol, GB-ENG)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.256Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GB", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in GB-ENG" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14747, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 28850, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.133Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 11.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.45, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1230, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Bristol, City of, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1769, "period": "2026-09", "level": "city", "source": "ons-pipr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Bristol, City of, average of new and existing private tenancies" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.1, 9.1, 10.9, 13.1, 16.5, 19.8, 21, 20.9, 18.5, 15.2, 10.9, 8.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.8, 3.8, 4.1, 4.6, 8.5, 11.6, 13.5, 13.3, 11.5, 9.7, 5.9, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.4, 5.2, 7.3, 9.8, 14.4, 18.7, 20.2, 19.9, 17.2, 13, 8, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.2, -0.3, 0.5, 1.1, 6.1, 9.9, 12.4, 12.1, 9.9, 7.2, 2.7, 0.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 3.1, 5, 7, 9.2, 13, 15.7, 17.3, 17.8, 15, 12.3, 6.6, 4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.5, 12.1, 14.9, 16.7, 20.4, 24.8, 26.2, 24.9, 22.2, 17.9, 14.4, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -2.4, -0.9, 0, 0.2, 5.7, 8.3, 11, 10.8, 7.3, 6.5, 0.4, -0.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.8, 8.2, 8.2, 8.3, 11.5, 15.1, 16.2, 15.6, 15, 12.8, 10.2, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14, 15.4, 20, 25.1, 26.8, 29.7, 33.1, 31.8, 28.4, 21, 16.5, 14.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -5.6, -4.3, -2.3, -2.1, -0.5, 6.5, 8.6, 8.4, 3.9, 3.1, -2.9, -6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.9, 3.7, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 4, 4.9, 5.7, 6.1, 6.5, 6.5, 6.3, 5.7, 5, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3, 4, 3.9, 3.8, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.4, 6.1, 7, 7.8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.5, 8.1, 7.4, 6.8, 6.5, 6.2, 6, 5.7, 5.6, 5.9, 5.8, 5.5, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5, 5.2, 6.2, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3, 9.9, 10.4, 10.6, 10.5, 10.2, 9.6, 8.5, 7.6, 7.2, 6.8, 6.5, 6.3, 6.7, 6.4, 6, 5.7, 5.4, 5.2, 5.5, 6.7, 8.1, 9.4, 10.5, 11.4, 12, 12.5, 12.7, 12.6, 12.3, 11.9, 11.1, 9.8, 8.9, 8.2, 7.6, 7.1, 10.2, 9.9, 9.5, 9.2, 9, 9, 9.9, 11, 12.2, 13.3, 14.3, 15.1, 15.5, 15.9, 16, 16.1, 15.8, 15.3, 14.7, 13.7, 12.5, 11.7, 11.2, 10.7, 13.3, 12.8, 12.5, 12.2, 12, 12.4, 13.4, 14.4, 15.6, 16.7, 17.7, 18.3, 18.6, 19.1, 19.2, 19.2, 19, 18.6, 18, 17.1, 15.9, 14.9, 14.3, 13.8, 15.1, 14.7, 14.5, 14.3, 14, 14.2, 15, 16, 17.1, 18.1, 19, 19.6, 20, 20.4, 20.6, 20.5, 20.4, 20, 19.4, 18.5, 17.3, 16.5, 16, 15.6, 15.2, 14.7, 14.4, 14.2, 13.9, 13.8, 14.3, 15.4, 16.6, 17.8, 18.8, 19.5, 19.9, 20.2, 20.5, 20.6, 20.3, 19.8, 19.1, 18, 17.1, 16.5, 16, 15.5, 13.2, 12.9, 12.7, 12.5, 12.4, 12.3, 12.3, 13, 14.2, 15.3, 16.4, 17.2, 17.6, 17.9, 18.1, 18.1, 17.8, 17.2, 16, 15.1, 14.6, 14.2, 13.8, 13.4, 11.3, 11.2, 11.1, 11, 11, 10.9, 10.8, 10.9, 11.6, 12.6, 13.5, 14.2, 14.6, 14.8, 14.8, 14.6, 14.2, 13.2, 12.5, 12.1, 11.9, 11.6, 11.5, 11.3, 7.9, 7.7, 7.7, 7.7, 7.6, 7.6, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 8.4, 9.2, 9.8, 10.2, 10.3, 10.3, 10, 9.3, 8.8, 8.4, 8.2, 8, 7.8, 7.7, 7.7, 6.3, 6.2, 6.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 6.5, 7.1, 7.7, 8, 8.2, 8.2, 7.9, 7.2, 7, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 72, 76, 68, 63, 66, 60, 62, 62, 66, 76, 73, 79 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12, 12.6, 14, 11.2, 14.4, 11.6, 15, 12, 14.6, 16, 13.6, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 162, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 2.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 1, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 2.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 6.2, 11.6, 20.4, 25.2, 28.6, 29.2, 28.8, 30, 27.4, 30, 21.8, 13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 16.4, 17.4, 15, 13.2, 13.4, 10.8, 12.6, 12.4, 13.2, 16, 14.4, 19.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2, 2.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:20:36.973Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.45523&longitude=-2.59665&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3126, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "14,973 works by 153 institutions in Bristol" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 60, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 12, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Bristol Airport (BRS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BRS, CWL, BOH, EXT" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.6, "period": "2024-07-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://electionresults.parliament.uk/general-elections/6/political-parties", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 4 Jul 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 33.7% (4.4), Conservatives 23.7% (7.4), Reform UK 14.3% (8.7, party-family average), Liberal Democrats 12.2% (4.3), Green Party 6.4% (2.6), Scottish National Party 2.5% (3.6). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 61, 79, 125, 173, 211, 205, 215, 193, 154, 113, 71, 54 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.139Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Lyneham, 42 km away at 145 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1653, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.139Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Lyneham, 42 km away at 145 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.53, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GBR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 92.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.12, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 853, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "edinburgh-gb": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/section/1", "note": "To 24 weeks when two doctors judge that continuing carries a greater risk than ending it to the woman's physical or mental health or her existing children's; later only for her life, grave permanent injury or serious fetal anomaly. Since 29 April 2026 a woman commits no offence in England and Wales for acts concerning her own pregnancy (Abortion Act 1967, s. 1 (England, Wales and Scotland); Crime and Policing Act 2026, s. 241; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/section/1", "note": "Marriage: Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013; Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014; Northern Ireland from 13 January 2020 (S.I. 2019/1514, reg. 3) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 30.79, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.1, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 11.86, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 20.9, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2.5, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh; 12 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 63.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 23, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Edinburgh; on foot 18.2%, by bicycle 4.8%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 2, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 112, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1128 m at 56.96, -3.24; the centre sits at about 77 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.3, "note": "Edinburgh urban centre (530,165 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.3 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 7 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 20.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Edinburgh%22&per_page=1", "note": "10,414 accounts whose location names \"Edinburgh\", over 514,990 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 28, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5.6 weeks (28 days) a year; bank holidays may be included and are not an additional guaranteed paid entitlement (GOV.UK: holiday entitlement)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 49, 65, 99, 133, 172, 166, 168, 151, 119, 90, 64, 36 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.286Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/03160.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Edinburgh Airport, 10 km away at 41 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1312, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.286Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/03160.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Edinburgh Airport, 10 km away at 41 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 52, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 293,489 tests (Edinburgh, GB-SCT)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.276Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GB", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in GB-SCT" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14747, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 28850, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5770, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.419Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GBR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 11.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.896Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.45, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.2, 7.8, 9.5, 11, 14.5, 17.5, 18.9, 18.7, 16.5, 13.2, 9.6, 7.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 2.2, 3.3, 3.5, 4.1, 7.9, 10.4, 12.4, 12.3, 10.4, 8.5, 5.2, 3.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 1.9, 3.3, 5.8, 7.8, 12.4, 15.7, 17.8, 17, 14.6, 10.3, 6.3, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2.5, -1.5, -0.5, 0.6, 5.1, 8.1, 10.7, 10.4, 8, 5.1, 1.3, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.2, 4, 5.7, 7.4, 10.8, 13.6, 16, 15.7, 13.1, 10, 4.6, 2.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.4, 11.4, 13.9, 15.1, 18, 21.2, 22.3, 21.6, 20.3, 16.3, 13.9, 11.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.7, -0.4, -0.7, 0.4, 5.2, 7.4, 10.1, 10.2, 7.1, 4.7, -0.2, -1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6, 7, 7.3, 7.9, 10.8, 13.1, 14.6, 14.6, 13.5, 12, 9.4, 8.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 13.6, 13.5, 16.3, 22, 20.4, 26.9, 28.9, 29.4, 24.9, 19.1, 16.2, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -4.7, -6.7, -4.5, -2.1, 1, 4.8, 7.9, 7.7, 3.1, 1.3, -2.1, -5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.8, 3.9, 3.8, 3.8, 3.7, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 4.7, 5.2, 5.5, 5.5, 5.3, 4.8, 4.4, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, 3.8, 3.8, 3.8, 5, 5, 4.9, 4.9, 4.8, 4.8, 4.8, 4.8, 4.8, 5.2, 5.9, 6.5, 6.9, 7.2, 7.3, 7.2, 6.9, 6.3, 5.7, 5.4, 5.2, 5.1, 5, 5, 5.2, 5.1, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.5, 7.3, 8, 8.5, 8.9, 9, 9, 8.7, 8.2, 7.3, 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 5.5, 5.4, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.1, 4.9, 4.8, 5.2, 6.2, 7.3, 8.3, 9.1, 9.7, 10.1, 10.4, 10.5, 10.4, 10.2, 9.9, 9.3, 8.3, 7.5, 7, 6.6, 6.1, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 8.5, 8.4, 8.7, 9.4, 10.3, 11.2, 12.1, 12.8, 13.3, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 13.9, 13.7, 13.4, 12.9, 12.3, 11.3, 10.5, 10, 9.6, 12, 11.7, 11.5, 11.3, 11.1, 11.6, 12.4, 13.2, 14, 14.9, 15.6, 16.1, 16.4, 16.6, 16.8, 16.9, 16.7, 16.4, 15.9, 15.3, 14.4, 13.4, 12.8, 12.3, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 13, 12.8, 13.1, 13.8, 14.6, 15.4, 16.2, 16.9, 17.4, 17.8, 18.1, 18.3, 18.3, 18.2, 17.8, 17.3, 16.7, 15.9, 14.9, 14.4, 14, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 13.1, 12.9, 12.9, 13.4, 14.2, 15.1, 16, 16.8, 17.4, 17.8, 18.1, 18.2, 18.2, 18, 17.6, 17, 16.2, 15.2, 14.6, 14.2, 13.8, 12.1, 11.9, 11.6, 11.5, 11.4, 11.3, 11.3, 11.9, 12.8, 13.7, 14.5, 15.2, 15.7, 16, 16, 15.9, 15.6, 15.1, 14.3, 13.5, 13.1, 12.7, 12.5, 12.2, 10.1, 10, 10, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 10.2, 10.9, 11.6, 12.1, 12.5, 12.7, 12.7, 12.5, 12.2, 11.5, 11, 10.7, 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10, 7, 7, 6.9, 6.9, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 7.1, 7.7, 8.2, 8.7, 9, 9, 8.7, 8.1, 7.7, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.9, 5.3, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.6, 6, 6.4, 6.7, 6.6, 6.3, 6, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 70, 76, 71, 65, 71, 69, 73, 66, 68, 77, 74, 80 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.6, 13.2, 14.6, 12.8, 14.2, 11.2, 16.8, 13.4, 13.2, 17.4, 13, 14.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 167, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 2.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 2.2, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 3.2, 5.6, 14, 20.2, 28.6, 29, 29.6, 30.2, 28.8, 26.2, 15.8, 6.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 14.8, 16.6, 16.2, 12.8, 14.6, 13.2, 15.4, 12, 13.6, 17.6, 16, 20.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.6, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 3.8, 5.2, 2.2, 1, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 3, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:22:18.551Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.95206&longitude=-3.19648&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4754, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "24,484 works by 170 institutions in Edinburgh" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 68, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Edinburgh Airport (EDI), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "EDI, DND, GLA, PIK" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.6, "period": "2024-07-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://electionresults.parliament.uk/general-elections/6/political-parties", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 4 Jul 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 33.7% (4.4), Conservatives 23.7% (7.4), Reform UK 14.3% (8.7, party-family average), Liberal Democrats 12.2% (4.3), Green Party 6.4% (2.6), Scottish National Party 2.5% (3.6). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 16, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 21, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GB/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.53, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GBR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 92.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.12, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 853, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "dublin-ie": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/31/section/12/enacted/en/html", "note": "On request to 12 weeks, 3 days after a doctor certifies the pregnancy (Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, s. 12; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html", "note": "Marriage: Constitution, Art. 41.4 (34th Amendment, 2015) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1736, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "cso-rtb", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Dublin, new tenancies registered with the RTB" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2567, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "cso-rtb", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Dublin, new tenancies registered with the RTB" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 63, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Eastern and Midland (IE06), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 21, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Dublin (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 28.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Dublin (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Dublin (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 17 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 18.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Dublin (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 13.5%, by bicycle 5.3%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 3, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 15 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 6.5, "note": "Dublin urban centre (1,124,520 people, 2025): nearest edge 6.5 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 9.1 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 22.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Dublin%22&per_page=1", "note": "23,440 accounts whose location names \"Dublin\", over 1,024,027 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/20/section/19/enacted/en/html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 working weeks (Organisation of Working Time Act 1997, s. 19)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 30.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,820,156 tests (Dublin, IE-L)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.305Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 10400, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 20800, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 5949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 10666, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 4706, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 8120, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.583Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 8.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.941Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2.1, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.941Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 8, 9.8, 10.8, 11.9, 15.3, 17.9, 19.4, 19.4, 17.1, 14.7, 11.2, 9.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 3.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.9, 9, 11.6, 13.3, 13.1, 11.5, 9.9, 6.8, 5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 4.2, 5.6, 7.3, 8.9, 13.4, 16.6, 18.7, 18.2, 15.5, 12.3, 8.2, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -1, 0.5, 1.4, 2.5, 6.4, 9.6, 11.7, 11.4, 9.6, 6.9, 3.1, 1.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 4.1, 6.5, 7.1, 9, 12.4, 14.7, 16.8, 17.3, 14.1, 11.8, 7.4, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.3, 12.9, 14, 15.3, 18.1, 21.5, 22.5, 22.2, 19.9, 17.6, 14.6, 13 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -0.8, 1.9, 1.8, 2.3, 5.8, 8.5, 11.2, 11, 8.5, 6.4, 1.7, 1.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.9, 8.6, 8.2, 9, 11.4, 14.4, 15.5, 15.3, 14.5, 13.1, 11.3, 9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.2, 14.4, 16.5, 19.3, 20.8, 25.2, 27.3, 25.8, 23.1, 22.1, 16.7, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -3.1, -0.7, -1.4, -0.3, 0.7, 6.5, 8.6, 9.2, 5.4, 3, -0.5, -2.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.1, 5.1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5.6, 6.3, 6.9, 7.3, 7.5, 7.4, 6.9, 6.3, 6, 5.7, 5.5, 5.4, 5.2, 5.1, 6.7, 6.8, 6.8, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.6, 6.6, 6.6, 7.1, 7.8, 8.4, 8.8, 9.1, 9.2, 9.2, 8.9, 8.4, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 7, 6.8, 6.7, 6.9, 6.9, 6.7, 6.5, 6.4, 6.3, 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, 7.8, 8.6, 9.3, 9.8, 10.2, 10.3, 10.3, 10.1, 9.6, 8.9, 8.2, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 7, 7.6, 7.3, 7, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.8, 7.6, 8.6, 9.6, 10.2, 10.8, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5, 11.5, 11.3, 11, 10.5, 9.7, 9, 8.5, 8.2, 7.9, 10.4, 10.1, 9.8, 9.6, 9.4, 9.4, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13, 13.7, 14.1, 14.3, 14.6, 14.8, 14.8, 14.7, 14.4, 13.9, 13.3, 12.4, 11.7, 11.3, 10.8, 13.1, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.9, 13.8, 14.7, 15.5, 16.1, 16.6, 16.8, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.2, 17, 16.6, 16.1, 15.4, 14.5, 14, 13.5, 14.8, 14.4, 14.1, 13.8, 13.7, 13.6, 14.2, 14.9, 15.8, 16.7, 17.5, 18.1, 18.3, 18.6, 18.8, 18.9, 18.8, 18.6, 18.1, 17.5, 16.8, 16, 15.5, 15.1, 14.6, 14.4, 14.1, 13.9, 13.8, 13.7, 14, 14.8, 15.7, 16.7, 17.5, 18.2, 18.4, 18.6, 18.8, 18.9, 18.8, 18.5, 17.9, 17.2, 16.3, 15.7, 15.2, 14.9, 13.1, 12.9, 12.7, 12.6, 12.6, 12.5, 12.4, 12.9, 13.7, 14.6, 15.4, 16, 16.3, 16.6, 16.6, 16.6, 16.4, 15.9, 15.3, 14.6, 14.1, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 11.5, 11.4, 11.3, 11.2, 11.1, 11, 10.9, 10.9, 11.4, 12.2, 12.9, 13.6, 14, 14.3, 14.3, 14.3, 14, 13.3, 12.7, 12.3, 12, 11.8, 11.6, 11.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8.4, 8.4, 8.4, 8.3, 8.3, 8.3, 8.6, 9.2, 9.9, 10.4, 10.6, 10.7, 10.5, 9.9, 9.4, 9.1, 8.9, 8.7, 8.6, 8.5, 8.4, 7.2, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.7, 8.2, 8.6, 8.8, 8.8, 8.5, 8, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 7.2, 7.2, 7.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 67, 78, 71, 64, 64, 66, 74, 64, 68, 74, 73, 76 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.4, 13.2, 13.2, 12.2, 13, 12.6, 14.6, 13.4, 13.8, 16.8, 12, 14 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 161, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 2.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2.2, 2.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 9, 15.2, 19.8, 25, 29.8, 29.4, 29.2, 30.4, 28.2, 28.6, 22, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 13.8, 16, 15.2, 13.2, 13.4, 12.4, 17.6, 12.4, 13.2, 16.2, 14.8, 18 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.8, 4.2, 2.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.2, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:23:59.824Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.33306&longitude=-6.24889&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2475, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "25,346 works by 380 institutions in Dublin" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 56, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Dublin Airport (DUB), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "DUB" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 4.9, "period": "2024-11-29", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/electoralProcess/electionResults/dail/2025/2025-04-02_34th-dail-general-election-results_en.pdf", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Dáil, first preferences, 29 Nov 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Fianna Fáil 21.9% (6.1), Fine Gael 20.8% (6.4), Sinn Féin 19% (2.8), Non-party candidates 13.2% (no position), Social Democrats 4.8% (3.3, party-family average), Labour 4.7% (3.6). Parties with a position took 81% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 28, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 59, 81, 115, 161, 199, 179, 157, 156, 131, 105, 73, 54 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.289Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DublinAirport, 11 km away at 71 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1471, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.289Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DublinAirport, 11 km away at 71 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 51.2, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.88, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.51, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/IRL/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 102.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.65, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 784, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "cork-ie": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/31/section/12/enacted/en/html", "note": "On request to 12 weeks, 3 days after a doctor certifies the pregnancy (Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, s. 12; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 98, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html", "note": "Marriage: Constitution, Art. 41.4 (34th Amendment, 2015) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1231, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "cso-rtb", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Cork City, new tenancies registered with the RTB" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1800, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "cso-rtb", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Cork City, new tenancies registered with the RTB" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 54.8, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Southern (IE05), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 9.2, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cork (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 20.4, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cork (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2.5, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cork (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 3 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 26.2, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Cork (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 23.3%, by bicycle 2.9%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 3, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 9 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.4, "note": "Cork urban centre (137,272 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.4 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 3.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 9.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Cork%22&per_page=1", "note": "2,227 accounts whose location names \"Cork\", over 224,004 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/20/section/19/enacted/en/html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 working weeks (Organisation of Working Time Act 1997, s. 19)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 46.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 122,782 tests (Cork, IE-M)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.305Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/IE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 10400, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 20800, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 5949, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 10666, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 4706, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 8120, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.705Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/IRL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 8.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.941Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2.1, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.941Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 8.1, 9.8, 10.8, 12.5, 15.8, 18, 19.5, 19.5, 17.1, 14.2, 11.1, 9.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 2.8, 4.9, 4.7, 5.6, 8.2, 10.6, 12.3, 12.4, 10.6, 9, 6.2, 4.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 4.8, 6.2, 7.3, 9.4, 13.9, 16.6, 18.7, 18.2, 15.5, 12.1, 8.3, 6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -0.8, 1.1, 1.2, 2.6, 5.9, 8.9, 11.1, 11.2, 9, 6.7, 3.1, 1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 3.6, 6.9, 7.5, 9.8, 12.3, 15, 16.5, 17.1, 14.1, 11.8, 7.9, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.4, 12.5, 13.9, 15.2, 19, 21, 23.5, 22.2, 20.9, 16.4, 13.7, 12.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -2.2, 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 5.2, 7.6, 9.8, 10.2, 7.3, 5.3, 1.6, 0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.8, 8.5, 8.2, 9, 10.6, 14.5, 14.8, 14.9, 14.2, 12.8, 10.6, 9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.2, 14.1, 16.8, 19.4, 22.6, 23.3, 26.4, 29, 24.4, 19.3, 15.6, 14.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -4.6, -1.1, -2.3, -0.8, 0.5, 5.9, 7.2, 8.6, 3.5, 1.5, -2.5, -3.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 4.8, 4.8, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.7, 5.5, 6.4, 7.1, 7.4, 7.6, 7.4, 6.9, 6, 5.6, 5.3, 5, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.6, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 7, 7.9, 8.7, 9.2, 9.4, 9.4, 9.3, 9, 8.4, 7.6, 7.2, 7, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6, 5.9, 5.8, 5.8, 5.8, 6.5, 7.7, 8.7, 9.4, 9.9, 10.2, 10.3, 10.2, 10, 9.6, 8.8, 7.8, 7.3, 6.9, 6.7, 6.5, 7.3, 7.1, 6.9, 6.7, 6.6, 6.4, 6.5, 7.3, 8.6, 9.7, 10.6, 11.3, 11.7, 12, 12.1, 12, 11.7, 11.2, 10.6, 9.7, 8.6, 8.1, 7.7, 7.4, 9.8, 9.4, 9.2, 9, 8.8, 8.8, 9.5, 10.7, 12, 13, 13.9, 14.7, 14.9, 15.2, 15.3, 15.2, 14.9, 14.5, 13.9, 13.1, 12, 11, 10.4, 10, 12.1, 11.8, 11.6, 11.4, 11.2, 11.3, 12.2, 13.3, 14.3, 15.3, 16, 16.6, 17, 17.3, 17.5, 17.4, 17.2, 16.9, 16.3, 15.7, 14.8, 13.7, 13.1, 12.5, 13.6, 13.3, 13.2, 13.1, 12.9, 12.9, 13.5, 14.5, 15.6, 16.5, 17.4, 18.1, 18.4, 18.7, 18.9, 19, 18.8, 18.4, 17.8, 17, 16, 15, 14.3, 13.9, 14, 13.7, 13.5, 13.4, 13.3, 13.2, 13.3, 14.3, 15.5, 16.6, 17.6, 18.2, 18.7, 18.9, 19, 18.9, 18.7, 18.2, 17.5, 16.7, 15.6, 14.9, 14.4, 14.1, 12.4, 12.2, 12.1, 12, 12, 11.9, 11.8, 12.2, 13.2, 14.4, 15.3, 16, 16.4, 16.6, 16.7, 16.6, 16.4, 15.8, 15, 13.9, 13.3, 13, 12.6, 12.4, 10.8, 10.7, 10.6, 10.5, 10.5, 10.4, 10.3, 10.3, 10.8, 11.8, 12.7, 13.4, 13.7, 13.9, 13.9, 13.7, 13.4, 12.8, 12, 11.5, 11.1, 10.9, 10.8, 10.6, 8.2, 8.1, 8, 7.9, 7.9, 7.8, 7.8, 7.7, 7.7, 8.2, 9.1, 9.8, 10.3, 10.6, 10.6, 10.4, 9.8, 9.1, 8.7, 8.5, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.8, 6.8, 6.8, 7.3, 8, 8.4, 8.6, 8.6, 8.3, 7.7, 7.1, 6.9, 6.7, 6.7, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 71, 80, 74, 68, 66, 70, 73, 69, 70, 77, 74, 76 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.2, 14.8, 14.8, 13, 14.2, 13, 13.2, 13.8, 13.6, 17.6, 15.6, 15.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 171, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 1, 1.4, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 13.2, 15.4, 17.6, 25.6, 28.6, 28.8, 28.6, 30.2, 27.6, 27.4, 22.4, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 14.4, 17.8, 17.6, 14.6, 15.2, 16.6, 16.6, 14, 15.6, 17, 15.6, 17.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:25:41.500Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.89797&longitude=-8.47061&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2745, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "6,148 works by 53 institutions in Cork" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 58, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Cork International Airport (ORK), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ORK, KIR, SNN" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 4.9, "period": "2024-11-29", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/electoralProcess/electionResults/dail/2025/2025-04-02_34th-dail-general-election-results_en.pdf", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Dáil, first preferences, 29 Nov 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Fianna Fáil 21.9% (6.1), Fine Gael 20.8% (6.4), Sinn Féin 19% (2.8), Non-party candidates 13.2% (no position), Social Democrats 4.8% (3.3, party-family average), Labour 4.7% (3.6). Parties with a position took 81% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 61, 74, 111, 160, 191, 184, 164, 158, 129, 99, 75, 55 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.292Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at CorkAirport, 6 km away at 155 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1461, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.292Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at CorkAirport, 6 km away at 155 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 51.2, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.88, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/IE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.51, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/IRL/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 102.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.65, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 784, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "paris-fr": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1551", "note": "On request to the end of the 14th week of pregnancy (16 weeks after the last period), with no waiting period (Code de la santé publique, art. L2212-1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 39, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027414540", "note": "Marriage: Loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 58.6, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Ile de France (FR10), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 49.9, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 44, "period": "2013", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.17, "period": "2022", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 14.75, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 26.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 3.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 339 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 50.4, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 11.2, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Paris (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 7.8%, by bicycle 3.4%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcparis" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1698, "period": "2025-Q3", "level": "city", "source": "fr-carte-loyers", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Paris, asking rent of flats of one or two rooms, charges included: 33.96 €/m² (mean of 20 arrondissements weighted by 191727 adverts) × 50 m²" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2850, "period": "2025-Q3", "level": "city", "source": "fr-carte-loyers", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Paris, asking rent of flats of three rooms or more, charges included: 31.67 €/m² (mean of 20 arrondissements weighted by 78129 adverts) × 90 m²" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 149, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 41 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 12.5, "note": "Paris urban centre (9,328,385 people, 2025): nearest edge 12.5 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 19.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 36.4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Paris%22&per_page=1", "note": "77,766 accounts whose location names \"Paris\", over 2,138,551 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2258", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5 weeks (30 working days on a six-day count) (Service-Public: congés payés)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 61.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 1,320,018 tests (Paris, FR-IDF)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.325Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/FR", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 10941, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 10941, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 5226, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5226, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2427, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2427, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.762Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 19.6, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.006Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 7.7, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.006Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7, 9.8, 12.9, 15.4, 19.3, 24.3, 24.9, 25.1, 21.5, 17.6, 11.1, 8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.8, 3.3, 4.3, 5.8, 10, 14.2, 15.3, 15.3, 12.7, 9.9, 5.7, 3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.4, 6.4, 9.6, 12.5, 17.6, 24.1, 24.5, 24.9, 20.5, 15.9, 8.3, 5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -1.9, -0.3, 0.9, 2.8, 7.9, 13.5, 14.7, 14.9, 11.7, 7.9, 2.6, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.6, 5.8, 8, 10.3, 15.1, 19.3, 20.5, 20.7, 16.1, 14.3, 6.8, 2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 12.4, 13.9, 17.3, 20.3, 24.5, 29.6, 30.3, 30.5, 27.6, 21.8, 15.1, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -2.9, -1.8, 0.3, 1.1, 6.8, 10.2, 11.9, 12.3, 8, 5.5, 0.8, -2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.5, 8.4, 8.3, 9.8, 13.4, 18.2, 18.4, 18, 17, 13.9, 9.8, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.3, 18.4, 23.5, 29, 29.9, 35.8, 38.9, 35, 33.7, 27, 18.5, 15.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -5.6, -6, -3.5, -2.2, 3.4, 6.4, 10.1, 10.5, 4.5, 3.1, -2.5, -5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.4, 5.9, 6.2, 6.4, 6.2, 5.7, 5.1, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 5.4, 5.4, 5.3, 5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.9, 5.9, 7, 8, 8.7, 9.2, 9.4, 9.4, 9, 8, 7.1, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.5, 6.5, 6.4, 6.2, 5.8, 5.6, 5.3, 5.1, 4.9, 5.5, 6.8, 8.3, 9.6, 10.8, 11.7, 12.3, 12.5, 12.4, 12.1, 11.2, 9.7, 8.8, 8.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.4, 8, 7.8, 7.3, 6.9, 6.5, 6.2, 6.8, 8.1, 9.7, 11.3, 12.6, 13.7, 14.2, 14.7, 15, 15, 14.6, 14, 12.9, 11.3, 10.5, 9.8, 9.1, 12.4, 12, 11.6, 11.1, 10.7, 10.3, 10.4, 11.4, 12.8, 14.3, 15.7, 16.9, 17.8, 18, 18.3, 18.7, 18.6, 18.4, 17.9, 17.1, 15.8, 14.6, 13.8, 13.1, 16.8, 16.4, 15.7, 15.2, 14.7, 14.3, 14.9, 15.9, 17.3, 18.8, 20.2, 21.5, 22.5, 22.9, 23.3, 23.6, 23.8, 23.6, 23.1, 22.3, 21.1, 19.6, 18.6, 17.7, 18, 17.6, 16.9, 16.4, 16, 15.5, 15.8, 16.9, 18.2, 19.7, 21.1, 22.2, 23.2, 23.5, 23.9, 24.2, 24.3, 24.2, 23.8, 23.1, 21.9, 20.4, 19.5, 18.7, 18, 17.7, 17, 16.6, 16.1, 15.8, 15.5, 16.4, 17.7, 19.4, 20.9, 22.3, 23.4, 23.9, 24.3, 24.4, 24.6, 24.3, 23.8, 22.9, 21.3, 20.3, 19.4, 18.7, 15.2, 15, 14.6, 14.2, 13.8, 13.5, 13.3, 13.3, 14.5, 16, 17.5, 18.9, 20.1, 20.3, 20.6, 20.9, 20.9, 20.5, 19.7, 18.2, 17.3, 16.6, 16, 15.5, 12, 12, 11.8, 11.4, 11.2, 11, 10.8, 10.7, 11.2, 12.4, 13.7, 15, 16.1, 16.5, 16.9, 17.1, 16.9, 16.3, 15, 14.2, 13.7, 13.2, 12.7, 12.4, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.9, 6.9, 7.3, 8.2, 9.1, 9.9, 10.3, 10.5, 10.6, 10.5, 9.7, 9, 8.7, 8.3, 8, 7.8, 7.6, 5.6, 5.6, 5.6, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.7, 6.4, 7.1, 7.5, 7.8, 7.9, 7.6, 6.9, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2, 6.1, 5.9, 5.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 78, 71, 63, 59, 61, 54, 56, 53, 58, 67, 74, 80 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.6, 9.2, 12.4, 10.4, 12.6, 11.8, 11.4, 9.8, 11.8, 13, 12.8, 11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 140, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.4, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 1.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 2, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 4, 3.4, 4.8, 1.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 9.2, 16.4, 22, 26.2, 30.2, 27.8, 28.4, 29.4, 29.6, 30.6, 21.8, 15.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20.2, 17.6, 14.2, 11.6, 10, 9, 10.2, 8, 9.2, 14.6, 16.2, 20.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 2, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:27:23.443Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.85341&longitude=2.3488&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 7246, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "154,954 works by 1471 institutions in Paris" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 75, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Paris-Orly Airport (ORY), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ORY, CDG, BVA" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2024-06-30", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/elections-legislatives-des-30-juin-et-7-juillet-2024-resultats-definitifs-du-1er-tour", "note": "Estimate from the official result of National Assembly, round one, by the Interior Ministry's candidate groups, 30 Jun 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Rassemblement National 29.3% (9.7), Union of the Left (New Popular Front) 28% (2.3, members' average), Ensemble 20% (6, members' average), Les Républicains 6.6% (7.5), Union of the far right (LR candidates allied with the RN) 3.9% (no position), Other right 3.7% (no position). Parties with a position took 86% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 103, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 638, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 59, 83, 134, 177, 201, 203, 222, 215, 174, 118, 69, 56 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.295Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at PARIS MONTSOURIS, 4 km away at 75 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1711, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.295Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at PARIS MONTSOURIS, 4 km away at 75 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 37.2, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.28, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 7.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.24, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/FRA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 82.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.34, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 492, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "lyon-fr": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1551", "note": "On request to the end of the 14th week of pregnancy (16 weeks after the last period), with no waiting period (Code de la santé publique, art. L2212-1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 39, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027414540", "note": "Marriage: Loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.4, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Rhône-Alpes (FRK2), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 32.7, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 29, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.15, "period": "2022", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 6.77, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 20.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 3.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 45 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 50.5, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 16.8, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Lyon (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 10.1%, by bicycle 6.7%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frc_lyon" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 956, "period": "2025-Q3", "level": "city", "source": "fr-carte-loyers", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Lyon, asking rent of flats of one or two rooms, charges included: 19.12 €/m² (mean of 9 arrondissements weighted by 89255 adverts) × 50 m²" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1379, "period": "2025-Q3", "level": "city", "source": "fr-carte-loyers", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Lyon, asking rent of flats of three rooms or more, charges included: 15.32 €/m² (mean of 9 arrondissements weighted by 55087 adverts) × 90 m²" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 240, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 42, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1229 m at 45.41, 4.62; the centre sits at about 172 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 6.2, "note": "Lyon urban centre (1,194,741 people, 2025): nearest edge 6.2 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 8.3 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 23, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Lyon%22&per_page=1", "note": "11,974 accounts whose location names \"Lyon\", over 520,774 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2258", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5 weeks (30 working days on a six-day count) (Service-Public: congés payés)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 64.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 173,276 tests (Lyon, FR-ARA)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.325Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/FR", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 10941, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 10941, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 5226, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 5226, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2427, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2427, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.818Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FRA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 19.6, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.006Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 7.7, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.006Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.7, 10.6, 13.8, 16.3, 20.8, 27, 27.9, 28.5, 23.1, 18.6, 11.2, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0.5, 2.3, 4.2, 6.6, 10.9, 16.3, 16.9, 17, 13.4, 10.3, 5, 2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.2, 7.4, 10.5, 13.8, 19.7, 27.3, 28.2, 28.5, 22.4, 17.2, 8.7, 5.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -3.2, -1, 1, 3.7, 9.2, 16.2, 17, 17.1, 12.9, 8.8, 2.3, -0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 1.9, 6, 9, 10.4, 15.8, 21.4, 23.2, 21.9, 17, 14.4, 5.5, 2.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 12.8, 15, 18.6, 21.6, 26.2, 32.9, 33.2, 35.3, 29.7, 23.5, 16.2, 13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.6, -2.2, -0.3, 1.2, 7.5, 13, 13.5, 13.1, 8.8, 6.2, -0.4, -2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 5.2, 7.2, 8.4, 11.5, 14.2, 19.8, 20, 20.9, 17.6, 14.7, 9.8, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.7, 18.8, 23.9, 26.8, 31.7, 37, 37.4, 40.8, 33.6, 27.7, 18.9, 16.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -6.1, -7.2, -4.1, -1.3, 3, 9.3, 11.2, 11, 5.5, 2.2, -3.7, -5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 2.5, 2.5, 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.3, 5.3, 5.7, 6.1, 6.3, 6, 5.2, 4.3, 3.8, 3.4, 3.1, 2.9, 2.7, 4.6, 4.4, 4.5, 4.2, 4, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 4.6, 6, 7.4, 8.6, 9.5, 10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 9.4, 7.8, 6.9, 6.2, 5.6, 5.2, 4.9, 6.4, 6.4, 6.2, 6, 5.8, 5.4, 5.1, 4.9, 5.8, 7.5, 9.1, 10.6, 11.9, 12.7, 13.2, 13.4, 13.2, 12.7, 11.5, 9.9, 8.9, 8.2, 7.6, 7, 9, 8.8, 8.5, 8, 7.7, 7.4, 7, 7.8, 9.3, 10.8, 12.2, 13.6, 14.6, 15.1, 15.6, 15.9, 15.8, 15.4, 14.6, 13.1, 11.9, 11, 10.3, 9.6, 13.2, 12.8, 12.4, 12, 11.6, 11.3, 11.6, 12.8, 14.2, 15.6, 17, 18.2, 19.1, 19.6, 20.1, 20.3, 20.1, 19.7, 19.1, 18.1, 16.6, 15.5, 14.7, 14, 18.8, 18.4, 17.8, 17.3, 16.9, 16.6, 17.2, 18.4, 19.8, 21.4, 22.8, 24.1, 25.2, 25.6, 26.1, 26.3, 26.2, 25.7, 24.9, 23.9, 22.5, 21.1, 20.3, 19.5, 19.7, 19.2, 18.6, 18.1, 17.5, 17.2, 17.5, 18.9, 20.4, 21.9, 23.4, 24.7, 25.8, 26.3, 27, 27.3, 27.2, 26.9, 26.5, 25.4, 23.8, 22.4, 21.4, 20.6, 20.2, 19.7, 18.9, 18.4, 17.9, 17.6, 17.3, 18.5, 20.3, 22, 23.6, 25.2, 26.5, 27, 27.8, 28.1, 28.1, 27.6, 26.8, 25.5, 23.8, 22.7, 21.8, 20.9, 15.9, 15.6, 15.2, 14.9, 14.5, 14.2, 13.9, 14.2, 15.6, 17.2, 18.8, 20.2, 21.4, 22, 22.6, 22.7, 22.5, 21.9, 20.8, 19.2, 18.2, 17.4, 16.8, 16.2, 12.6, 12.4, 12.1, 11.9, 11.6, 11.5, 11.4, 11.4, 12.1, 13.3, 14.7, 16, 17.1, 17.7, 18.2, 18.2, 17.9, 17.1, 15.7, 14.8, 14.1, 13.6, 13.3, 13, 7, 6.9, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.4, 6.4, 6.4, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10, 10.5, 10.7, 10.7, 10.4, 9.4, 8.6, 8.1, 7.8, 7.4, 7.1, 6.8, 4, 3.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7, 7.3, 7.4, 6.9, 5.9, 5.3, 5, 4.6, 4.4, 4.2, 4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 76, 65, 59, 59, 59, 52, 41, 39, 51, 63, 75, 80 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 11.8, 7.8, 11.6, 8.8, 11.6, 9.8, 8.8, 6, 9, 9, 12.2, 11.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 118, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 1, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 2.2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 1.8, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 0.4, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2, 2, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 2, 2.2, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 2.2, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 5.8, 8.2, 7.4, 3.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 10, 18.4, 26.6, 25.8, 30.4, 23.4, 23.6, 24.4, 29.8, 29.8, 21, 12.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.2, 1.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 18.4, 12.8, 12, 11.2, 12.4, 6.4, 3.4, 4, 7.4, 11, 13.6, 20.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 3, 4.6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 5.6, 5.8, 10, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:29:04.619Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.74906&longitude=4.84789&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 5569, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "29,003 works by 194 institutions in Lyon" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 70, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport (LYS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LYS, GNB, CMF, NCY" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2024-06-30", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/elections-legislatives-des-30-juin-et-7-juillet-2024-resultats-definitifs-du-1er-tour", "note": "Estimate from the official result of National Assembly, round one, by the Interior Ministry's candidate groups, 30 Jun 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Rassemblement National 29.3% (9.7), Union of the Left (New Popular Front) 28% (2.3, members' average), Ensemble 20% (6, members' average), Les Républicains 6.6% (7.5), Union of the far right (LR candidates allied with the RN) 3.9% (no position), Other right 3.7% (no position). Parties with a position took 86% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 24, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 93, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 71, 102, 173, 197, 223, 256, 288, 263, 204, 131, 78, 58 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.298Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at LYON BRON, 8 km away at 202 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2044, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.298Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at LYON BRON, 8 km away at 202 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 37.2, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.28, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 7.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FR/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.24, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/FRA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 82.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.34, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 492, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "berlin-de": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__218a.html", "note": "Not punished to 12 weeks after conception, on request, after counselling at least 3 days before (Strafgesetzbuch § 218a Abs. 1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 64, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__1353.html", "note": "Marriage: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 1353, since 2017 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Berlin (DE30), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 42.4, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 32.5, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 63.42, "period": "2019", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.15, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 14.85, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 14.6, "period": "2013", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.5, "period": "2022", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin; 56 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 43.5, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 18.6, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Berlin; on foot 5.8%, by bicycle 12.8%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcberlin" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 142, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 207, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1080 m at 51.80, 10.62; the centre sits at about 43 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 8.8, "note": "Berlin urban centre (3,549,997 people, 2025): nearest edge 8.8 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 14.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 21.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Berlin%22&per_page=1", "note": "73,575 accounts whose location names \"Berlin\", over 3,426,354 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/burlg/__3.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "24 working days on a six-day count (Bundesurlaubsgesetz § 3)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 41.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,009,488 tests (Berlin, DE-BE)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.348Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/DE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 276, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 552, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 406, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 399, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.938Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 38.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 4.8, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.5, 6.5, 10.5, 13.8, 19.1, 24.6, 24.7, 24.5, 21, 15.1, 8.2, 4.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -0.1, -0.2, 1.4, 4.4, 9.3, 14, 15.3, 15.1, 12.1, 8, 3, 0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 0.4, 2.5, 6.8, 10.5, 16.7, 23.6, 23.9, 23.9, 19.5, 12.9, 5, 1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -4.4, -4.5, -2.4, 0.9, 6.8, 12.8, 14.6, 14.6, 10.5, 5.4, -0.6, -3.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.5, -0.2, 5.2, 7.8, 14.6, 19.5, 20.1, 19.2, 15.2, 11.3, 2.8, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 9.9, 11.4, 15.8, 20.7, 24.5, 29.6, 29.6, 29.7, 27.3, 19.3, 12.7, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -4.5, -7.2, -3.3, -0.5, 5.3, 9.8, 12.3, 12, 7.2, 4.1, -2.5, -5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 4.7, 6, 6.4, 9.5, 13.9, 17.7, 18.4, 18.8, 15.8, 11.9, 7.9, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.8, 17.8, 21.7, 27.3, 28.5, 35.6, 37.7, 37.1, 33.7, 24.6, 17.2, 16.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -10.6, -15, -5.9, -3.5, 1.9, 7, 10.1, 8.1, 3.5, 0.2, -8, -10.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8, 4, 3.9, 3.3, 2.8, 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, 1, 1.3, 2.1, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.9, 5.5, 4.5, 3.8, 3.3, 3, 2.6, 2.3, 2, 3.4, 3.3, 3.1, 2.9, 2.7, 2.4, 2.2, 2.5, 3.8, 5.3, 6.8, 8.1, 9, 9.7, 10, 10.1, 9.8, 9, 7.3, 6.2, 5.6, 5, 4.5, 4, 6.4, 6.1, 5.9, 5.5, 5.2, 5, 5.4, 6.6, 8.1, 9.5, 10.8, 11.8, 12.6, 12.8, 13.2, 13.3, 13, 12.6, 11.7, 10.1, 9, 8.2, 7.6, 7, 11.6, 11.2, 10.5, 10.1, 9.8, 10, 11, 12.4, 13.9, 15.2, 16.4, 17.3, 18, 18.1, 18.5, 18.5, 18.5, 18.1, 17.5, 16.3, 14.7, 13.8, 13, 12.4, 16.5, 16.1, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 15, 16.2, 17.7, 19.3, 20.7, 21.8, 22.7, 23.3, 23.4, 23.7, 23.8, 23.8, 23.5, 22.8, 21.8, 20.3, 19, 18.1, 17.3, 17.5, 17.1, 16.5, 16.1, 15.8, 15.9, 17, 18.2, 19.6, 20.9, 22, 22.8, 23.4, 23.6, 23.8, 23.9, 23.9, 23.6, 23.1, 22.2, 20.6, 19.5, 18.7, 18.1, 17.5, 17.1, 16.4, 16, 15.7, 15.5, 16.2, 17.4, 18.8, 20.3, 21.5, 22.6, 23.3, 23.5, 23.8, 24, 24, 23.5, 22.8, 21.3, 20, 19.2, 18.4, 17.8, 14.2, 14, 13.4, 13.2, 12.9, 12.6, 12.6, 13.5, 15, 16.5, 18, 19.2, 20, 20.2, 20.5, 20.5, 20.3, 19.6, 18.2, 16.9, 16.2, 15.6, 15, 14.6, 10, 9.9, 9.5, 9.4, 9.2, 9.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.2, 12.4, 13.4, 14.2, 14.5, 14.7, 14.6, 14.1, 12.9, 12, 11.6, 11.2, 10.8, 10.5, 10.2, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.4, 4.4, 4.2, 4.2, 4.3, 5, 5.9, 6.7, 7.4, 7.7, 7.7, 7.5, 6.7, 6.2, 5.8, 5.5, 5.3, 5, 4.9, 4.7, 2.1, 2.1, 2, 2, 2, 1.9, 1.9, 2, 2, 2.2, 2.8, 3.3, 3.8, 4, 4.2, 4, 3.4, 3.2, 3.1, 2.9, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 81, 75, 59, 67, 60, 56, 60, 61, 53, 70, 79, 83 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13, 12, 7.8, 9, 9.8, 10.6, 12.8, 9.6, 7, 10.6, 10.2, 12.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 125, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.4, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 2.2, 3.6, 1.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 2.8, 7.2, 16.8, 22.6, 30, 26.8, 26.2, 26, 30, 29.6, 15, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20.4, 16.4, 14, 12.6, 9.6, 7.4, 9.2, 11.2, 10, 15.4, 19, 23 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1.4, 2.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 3.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.8, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:30:45.843Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.52437&longitude=13.41053&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1573, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "53,898 works by 597 institutions in Berlin" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 48, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BER" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.5, "period": "2025-02-23", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/bundestagswahlen/2025/ergebnisse/bund-99.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Bundestag, second votes, 23 Feb 2025, with ParlGov party positions: CDU 22.6% (6.3), AfD 20.8% (8.7, party-family average), SPD 16.4% (3.6), Greens 11.6% (2.9), The Left 8.8% (1.2), CSU 6% (7.3). Parties with a position took 92% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 55, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 100, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 51, 74, 124, 192, 224, 230, 237, 221, 167, 115, 55, 41 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.301Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Berlin-Tempelhof, 6 km away at 48 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1730, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.301Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Berlin-Tempelhof, 6 km away at 48 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 30.2, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.53, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.68, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/DEU/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 81.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.91, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 80.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 733, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "munich-de": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__218a.html", "note": "Not punished to 12 weeks after conception, on request, after counselling at least 3 days before (Strafgesetzbuch § 218a Abs. 1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 64, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__1353.html", "note": "Marriage: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 1353, since 2017 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 47.4, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Oberbayern (DE21), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 44, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 26.9, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 62.5, "period": "2019", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.11, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 14.14, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 32.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.1, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "München; 17 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 53.9, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "München", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 19.2, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "München; on foot 6.4%, by bicycle 12.8%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcmunich" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 286, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 53, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1635 m at 47.66, 11.50; the centre sits at about 523 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.9, "note": "Munich urban centre (1,827,704 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.9 km to the east; half the directions over land end within 10.4 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 21.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Munich%22&per_page=1", "note": "33,033 accounts whose location names \"Munich\" or \"München\", over 1,505,005 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/burlg/__3.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "24 working days on a six-day count (Bundesurlaubsgesetz § 3)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 44.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 924,621 tests (Munich, DE-BY)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.348Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/DE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 276, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 552, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 406, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 399, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:48.998Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 38.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 4.8, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.6, 7.8, 11, 13.3, 17.8, 24.1, 24.2, 23.9, 19.8, 15.7, 8.2, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -2.2, -0.2, 0.8, 3.4, 8.3, 13.5, 14.4, 14.2, 10.6, 7.1, 1.4, -1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 0.5, 4, 7.7, 10.5, 16.3, 24.5, 24.4, 24.6, 19.3, 14.1, 5.3, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -6.4, -4.3, -2.9, 0.1, 6, 12.6, 13.9, 13.9, 9.2, 4.8, -1.9, -4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -0.3, 1.4, 4.8, 6.1, 12.5, 19.7, 19, 17.2, 13.2, 10.6, 2.8, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.1, 13.5, 17, 20.7, 23.1, 29.5, 29.3, 30, 25.5, 21.4, 13.2, 10.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -7.1, -4.9, -4.1, -1.4, 5.2, 10, 11.4, 10.9, 6.9, 2.8, -2.7, -6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.6, 4.8, 5.9, 8.6, 12.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.7, 14.4, 10.7, 5.2, 4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 16.5, 17.8, 21.7, 28, 29.8, 33.5, 35.2, 33.5, 28.4, 26.7, 18.3, 16.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -13.2, -16.4, -7.1, -5.6, -0.2, 5.9, 9.1, 8.3, 1.5, -0.4, -7.5, -14 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -0.2, 0, 0.1, 0, -0.1, -0.1, -0.2, -0.2, -0.3, 0.3, 1.4, 2.5, 3.4, 3.8, 4.1, 3.9, 3.1, 1.7, 1, 0.6, 0.3, 0.1, 0, -0.2, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 2.6, 4.2, 5.5, 6.7, 7, 7.2, 7.2, 6.8, 5.5, 4, 3.3, 2.8, 2.5, 2.1, 1.9, 2.7, 2.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.1, 1.8, 1.7, 2, 3.7, 5.6, 7.2, 8.6, 9.6, 10, 10.5, 10.6, 10.2, 9.3, 7.4, 5.9, 5, 4.4, 3.8, 3.3, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 4.8, 4.5, 4.2, 4.3, 5.7, 7.4, 8.9, 10.2, 11.3, 12, 12.3, 12.7, 12.8, 12.5, 12, 10.9, 9, 7.9, 7.1, 6.4, 5.9, 10.3, 10.1, 9.7, 9.3, 9, 8.9, 9.8, 11.2, 12.8, 14.1, 15.2, 16, 16.8, 16.8, 17, 17.1, 17, 16.6, 15.8, 14.5, 12.9, 12.1, 11.4, 10.9, 15.5, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 13.9, 14, 15.2, 16.8, 18.4, 19.8, 21.1, 22.1, 23, 23.2, 23.4, 23.5, 23.3, 22.8, 21.9, 20.7, 19, 17.9, 17, 16.3, 16.4, 16, 15.6, 15.3, 14.9, 14.8, 15.8, 17.2, 18.8, 20.1, 21.2, 22.1, 22.8, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4, 23.1, 22.3, 21.2, 19.5, 18.4, 17.6, 17, 16.3, 16, 15.7, 15.3, 14.9, 14.6, 15, 16.4, 18, 19.5, 20.9, 21.9, 22.7, 22.9, 23.2, 23.1, 22.9, 22.5, 21.6, 20, 18.7, 17.9, 17.2, 16.6, 12.6, 12.5, 12, 11.8, 11.5, 11.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.7, 15.4, 16.8, 18, 18.8, 19, 19.2, 19.2, 18.9, 18.2, 16.6, 15.2, 14.3, 13.7, 13.1, 12.8, 8.9, 8.9, 8.7, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.5, 11, 12.5, 13.8, 14.8, 15.2, 15.1, 15, 14.3, 12.8, 11.4, 10.8, 10.3, 9.9, 9.5, 9.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.2, 3.1, 3, 2.9, 3.2, 4.1, 5.3, 6.4, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.3, 6.3, 5, 4.5, 4.2, 3.9, 3.6, 3.4, 3.3, 0.9, 1, 1.2, 1.1, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.2, 3.1, 2.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 77, 68, 61, 67, 67, 56, 61, 56, 57, 70, 76, 78 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13.6, 12.2, 12.2, 13.6, 15.8, 13.8, 16.8, 15.2, 13.4, 11.2, 14.2, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 165, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 1.8, 1, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3.2, 2.4, 5, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4.2, 10.8, 18.8, 21, 28.6, 26.8, 26.4, 25.6, 28, 28.6, 12.8, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 2.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.8, 13.8, 12.8, 14.2, 14, 8.8, 9.6, 9.8, 10, 14, 15.2, 18.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 1.8, 4.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 6.2, 2.6, 2.4, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.2, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:32:27.502Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.13743&longitude=11.57549&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3555, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "53,504 works by 318 institutions in Munich" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 63, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 29, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Munich Airport (MUC), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MUC, INN" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.5, "period": "2025-02-23", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/bundestagswahlen/2025/ergebnisse/bund-99.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Bundestag, second votes, 23 Feb 2025, with ParlGov party positions: CDU 22.6% (6.3), AfD 20.8% (8.7, party-family average), SPD 16.4% (3.6), Greens 11.6% (2.9), The Left 8.8% (1.2), CSU 6% (7.3). Parties with a position took 92% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 51, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 50, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 75, 95, 145, 186, 213, 224, 241, 232, 170, 123, 74, 66 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.304Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Muenchen-Stadt, 4 km away at 515 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1845, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.304Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Muenchen-Stadt, 4 km away at 515 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 30.2, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.53, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.68, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/DEU/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 81.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.91, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 80.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 733, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "hamburg-de": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__218a.html", "note": "Not punished to 12 weeks after conception, on request, after counselling at least 3 days before (Strafgesetzbuch § 218a Abs. 1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 64, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__1353.html", "note": "Marriage: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 1353, since 2017 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 43, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Hamburg (DE60), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 40.4, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 30.1, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 89.5, "period": "2019", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.21, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 12.18, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 27.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.5, "period": "2022", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg; 27 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 36.7, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 17.6, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Hamburg; on foot 6%, by bicycle 11.6%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frchamburg" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 73, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 199, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1040 m at 51.80, 10.60; the centre sits at about 12 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.3, "note": "Hamburg urban centre (1,733,898 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.3 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 12.1 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 10.4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Hamburg%22&per_page=1", "note": "20,548 accounts whose location names \"Hamburg\", over 1,973,896 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/burlg/__3.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "24 working days on a six-day count (Bundesurlaubsgesetz § 3)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 37.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,239,483 tests (Hamburg, DE-HH)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.348Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/DE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 276, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 552, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 406, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 206, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 399, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.055Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DEU.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 38.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 4.8, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.067Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 5.1, 7, 10.5, 13, 18.1, 22.5, 22.8, 22.9, 19.9, 14.8, 8.6, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0.9, 1.1, 2, 4.1, 8.8, 12.8, 14.4, 14.2, 12, 8.7, 4.2, 1.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 1, 3, 6.8, 9.8, 15.9, 21.8, 22.1, 22.3, 18.7, 12.6, 5.5, 2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -3.3, -3.2, -1.7, 0.8, 6.3, 11.6, 13.7, 13.6, 10.5, 6.1, 0.7, -2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 1, 1.3, 5.8, 8, 13, 17.2, 19.1, 18.8, 15.1, 11.5, 3.3, 0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10, 11.8, 15.6, 19.3, 23.8, 27.6, 27.5, 28, 24.8, 17.8, 13, 10.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.2, -4.5, -2.3, 0.3, 4.8, 9.1, 12, 11.5, 8.1, 4.9, -1.1, -4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 5.4, 6.3, 6.7, 9.1, 13.3, 15.8, 17.1, 17.4, 16.1, 12.1, 8.4, 6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.8, 17.8, 22.4, 23.1, 28.2, 32.9, 38.9, 35.3, 30, 22.5, 17.1, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -10.5, -12.7, -4.6, -3.4, 1.4, 6.3, 9.5, 9.2, 4.7, 1.8, -4.7, -9.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 3, 3.6, 4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.4, 4, 3.4, 3.1, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.4, 2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4, 4.9, 5.8, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.3, 5.5, 4.6, 4.1, 3.8, 3.4, 3.2, 3, 3.9, 3.8, 3.5, 3.2, 3, 2.9, 2.7, 2.9, 3.8, 5.2, 6.6, 7.9, 8.9, 9.6, 10, 10.1, 9.8, 9.2, 7.8, 6.7, 5.9, 5.3, 4.8, 4.4, 6, 5.8, 5.6, 5.3, 5, 4.8, 5, 6.1, 7.5, 8.9, 10.1, 11.1, 11.9, 12.2, 12.4, 12.4, 12.2, 11.7, 10.9, 9.6, 8.5, 7.7, 7.1, 6.6, 10.8, 10.4, 10, 9.7, 9.4, 9.4, 10.2, 11.5, 12.8, 14.1, 15.3, 16.2, 16.9, 17.2, 17.4, 17.5, 17.3, 16.9, 16.2, 15.1, 13.8, 12.8, 12, 11.4, 14.7, 14.4, 13.9, 13.6, 13.3, 13.7, 14.6, 15.9, 17.3, 18.7, 19.8, 20.7, 21.3, 21.6, 21.8, 21.8, 21.6, 21.3, 20.5, 19.6, 18.3, 16.9, 16.1, 15.4, 16, 15.9, 15.4, 15.2, 14.9, 15.1, 15.9, 16.9, 18, 19.1, 20.2, 21, 21.5, 21.7, 22, 22, 21.8, 21.4, 20.9, 19.9, 18.8, 17.7, 17, 16.5, 16.1, 16, 15.4, 15.1, 14.9, 14.8, 15.2, 16.3, 17.6, 18.9, 20.1, 21.1, 21.8, 21.8, 22.2, 22.4, 22.3, 21.8, 21.1, 19.9, 18.6, 17.8, 17.1, 16.5, 13.9, 13.8, 13.3, 13, 12.8, 12.7, 12.6, 13.2, 14.4, 15.8, 17.1, 18.2, 18.9, 19.2, 19.5, 19.5, 19.3, 18.7, 17.5, 16.2, 15.5, 15, 14.5, 14.1, 10.5, 10.4, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 9.8, 9.7, 9.6, 10.2, 11.1, 12.2, 13.2, 14, 14.2, 14.3, 14.3, 13.9, 13, 12.2, 11.7, 11.4, 11.1, 10.8, 10.6, 5.9, 5.9, 5.8, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.6, 5.5, 5.5, 6, 6.6, 7.3, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2, 8, 7.4, 6.9, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 6, 5.9, 5.8, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, 5, 5, 4.8, 4.3, 4, 3.9, 3.8, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 81, 76, 61, 64, 64, 58, 65, 61, 60, 74, 82, 84 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13.8, 12.6, 10, 11.6, 13.4, 10, 16, 11.6, 9.4, 13, 14, 14.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 150, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1, 0, 0.6, 0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 1, 2.2, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 2.6, 6.4, 16.6, 22.2, 30, 28, 28.6, 28.2, 28.8, 29.2, 16.2, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20.4, 17.2, 13.4, 11.8, 12.2, 9.4, 11.6, 9.6, 9.4, 16.2, 21, 22.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.6, 1.8, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:34:08.623Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=53.55073&longitude=9.99302&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1202, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "23,734 works by 234 institutions in Hamburg" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 44, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Hamburg Helmut Schmidt Airport (HAM), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "HAM, LBC, FCN, BRE" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.5, "period": "2025-02-23", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/bundestagswahlen/2025/ergebnisse/bund-99.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Bundestag, second votes, 23 Feb 2025, with ParlGov party positions: CDU 22.6% (6.3), AfD 20.8% (8.7, party-family average), SPD 16.4% (3.6), Greens 11.6% (2.9), The Left 8.8% (1.2), CSU 6% (7.3). Parties with a position took 92% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 26, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 31, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 45, 67, 120, 183, 221, 210, 219, 203, 152, 109, 51, 36 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.308Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel, 9 km away at 11 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1617, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.308Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel, 9 km away at 11 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 30.2, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.53, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.68, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/DEU/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 81.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.91, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 80.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 733, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "amsterdam-nl": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003396/", "note": "Until the fetus could survive outside the womb, when the woman's situation of need makes it unavoidable; the law requires the decision to be taken with care (Wet afbreking zwangerschap, art. 5; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 90, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002656/", "note": "Marriage: Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 1, art. 30, since 1 April 2001 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 52.2, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Noord-Holland (NL32), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.16, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Amsterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 14.94, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Amsterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 37.5, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Amsterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.1, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Amsterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 12 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 64.3, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Amsterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcamsterdam" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 23, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 12 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.5, "note": "Amsterdam urban centre (1,223,407 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.5 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 7.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 42.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Amsterdam%22&per_page=1", "note": "31,649 accounts whose location names \"Amsterdam\", over 741,636 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/living-and-working-conditions/living-and-working-conditions-netherlands_en", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 times the weekly working hours (EURES: Netherlands working conditions, statutory annual leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 51.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 502,823 tests (Amsterdam, NL-NH)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 6, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.369Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/NL", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 22256, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 44512, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 9481, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 12419, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2827, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 4273, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.118Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 22.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.107Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 11.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.107Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.7, 8.5, 11, 12.8, 17.2, 20.9, 21.4, 21.9, 19.9, 15.6, 10.2, 7.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 2.1, 2.9, 3.4, 5.2, 9, 12.8, 14.2, 14.4, 12.3, 9.9, 5.5, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 2.7, 4.5, 7.4, 9.7, 15.6, 20.6, 21.1, 21.6, 19, 13.6, 7.4, 4.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2, -1.2, -0.2, 1.9, 7, 11.6, 13.4, 13.8, 11.1, 7.5, 2.3, -0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.9, 3.4, 6.4, 8.4, 13, 16.1, 18.2, 18.3, 15.1, 12.5, 5.2, 2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11, 12.4, 15.4, 17.3, 22.4, 26.6, 25.3, 26.1, 25.2, 18.6, 14, 11.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.8, -1.8, -1, 0.9, 5.2, 9.4, 11.7, 11.6, 8, 6, 0.8, -2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.8, 7.9, 7.6, 9, 12.4, 16.8, 16.7, 16.6, 16.1, 13.3, 9.7, 7.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.3, 17.2, 22, 23.2, 26.5, 29.7, 34.8, 30.5, 30.2, 22.4, 17.6, 15.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -6, -11.5, -3.1, -2.8, 1.2, 7.7, 9.2, 9.2, 3.1, 2.9, -5.5, -6.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.9, 4, 4, 3.9, 3.9, 3.7, 3.8, 3.8, 3.7, 3.8, 4.4, 5.1, 5.7, 6.1, 6.1, 6, 5.5, 4.8, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4, 3.9, 4.7, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.6, 5.5, 6.4, 7.1, 7.7, 7.9, 7.9, 7.7, 7, 6.1, 5.7, 5.4, 5.2, 5, 4.8, 5.4, 5.4, 5.2, 5, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3, 4.2, 4.9, 6.3, 7.5, 8.6, 9.5, 10.2, 10.6, 10.6, 10.4, 9.9, 8.8, 7.5, 6.9, 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 6.9, 6.9, 6.6, 6.3, 6.1, 5.9, 5.9, 6.8, 8.1, 9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 11.7, 12, 12.2, 12.3, 12.1, 11.7, 11, 9.9, 8.8, 8.2, 7.7, 7.4, 10.7, 10.6, 10.2, 10, 9.7, 9.6, 10.3, 11.5, 12.8, 13.9, 14.8, 15.6, 16.2, 16.4, 16.5, 16.4, 16.2, 15.8, 15.1, 14.3, 13.1, 12, 11.6, 11.2, 14.5, 14.4, 14, 13.7, 13.5, 13.5, 14.3, 15.5, 16.7, 17.8, 18.7, 19.4, 20, 20.2, 20.4, 20.2, 20, 19.7, 19, 18.3, 17.4, 16.2, 15.5, 15, 15.7, 15.7, 15.3, 15.1, 14.8, 14.7, 15.5, 16.6, 17.7, 18.6, 19.3, 20, 20.6, 20.8, 20.9, 20.8, 20.6, 20.2, 19.7, 19, 18.1, 17.1, 16.5, 16.1, 16.1, 16.1, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 15, 15.1, 16.2, 17.5, 18.7, 19.8, 20.6, 21.1, 21.3, 21.4, 21.3, 21.1, 20.6, 19.9, 19.1, 17.9, 17.1, 16.7, 16.4, 14.4, 14.3, 13.9, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 13, 13.3, 14.5, 15.8, 17.1, 18.1, 18.8, 19.1, 19.3, 19.3, 19.1, 18.6, 17.7, 16.3, 15.6, 15.2, 14.9, 14.6, 11.7, 11.6, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 11, 10.9, 10.9, 11.3, 12.2, 13.2, 14, 14.6, 14.8, 15, 14.9, 14.5, 13.9, 13, 12.7, 12.4, 12.2, 12, 11.8, 7.4, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 7, 7, 6.9, 6.9, 6.9, 7.3, 8, 8.7, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.5, 9, 8.2, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.2, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.1, 5, 5, 5.1, 5, 5, 5.4, 6, 6.5, 6.8, 6.9, 6.8, 6.3, 5.8, 5.7, 5.7, 5.6, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 76, 76, 62, 63, 61, 54, 62, 59, 64, 77, 77, 83 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 14.6, 13, 10.4, 11.4, 13.4, 10.8, 16.2, 11.6, 12.2, 16.4, 15.8, 14 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 160, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 0.4, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 1.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 2.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.4, 2, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4, 11.4, 18.4, 22.8, 29.2, 29, 30, 29.8, 29, 29.4, 20, 10.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 16.8, 17.2, 12.2, 12, 12.6, 9.2, 9.4, 8.4, 10.8, 17.6, 18, 22.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 3, 2.4, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:35:49.813Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.37403&longitude=4.88969&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 6479, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "48,047 works by 245 institutions in Amsterdam" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 73, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "AMS, RTM" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025-10-29", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK20251029", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Representatives, 29 Oct 2025, with ParlGov party positions: D66 16.9% (4.5), PVV 16.7% (8.8), VVD 14.2% (7.3), GroenLinks–PvdA 12.8% (2.8, members' average), CDA 11.8% (5.9), JA21 5.9% (8.7, party-family average). Parties with a position took 94% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 29, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 69, 94, 146, 198, 231, 217, 225, 204, 154, 117, 67, 58 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.310Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at AmsterdamSchipholAp, 9 km away at -4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1780, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.310Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at AmsterdamSchipholAp, 9 km away at -4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.9, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.88, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/NLD/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 86.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 807, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "rotterdam-nl": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003396/", "note": "Until the fetus could survive outside the womb, when the woman's situation of need makes it unavoidable; the law requires the decision to be taken with care (Wet afbreking zwangerschap, art. 5; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 90, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002656/", "note": "Marriage: Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 1, art. 30, since 1 April 2001 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 47.3, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Zuid-Holland (NL36), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.19, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Rotterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 25.8, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Rotterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.9, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Rotterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 24 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 40.3, "period": "2020", "level": "city", "note": "Rotterdam (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 24, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 10 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4, "note": "Rotterdam [The Hague] urban centre (2,173,754 people, 2025): nearest edge 4 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 9.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Rotterdam%22&per_page=1", "note": "6,221 accounts whose location names \"Rotterdam\", over 868,135 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/living-and-working-conditions/living-and-working-conditions-netherlands_en", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 times the weekly working hours (EURES: Netherlands working conditions, statutory annual leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 65.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 138,492 tests (Rotterdam, NL-ZH)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 6, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.369Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/NL", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 22256, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 44512, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 9481, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 12419, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2827, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 4273, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.164Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NLD.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 22.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.107Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 11.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.107Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.8, 8.7, 11.4, 13.3, 17.7, 21.6, 22, 22.6, 20.2, 15.9, 10.5, 7.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 2.3, 3.2, 3.8, 5.5, 9.3, 13.2, 14.6, 14.9, 12.8, 10.3, 5.9, 3.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 2.8, 4.7, 7.8, 10.1, 16, 21.1, 21.6, 22, 19.2, 13.9, 7.6, 4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -1.8, -0.9, 0.2, 2.1, 7.2, 11.8, 13.8, 14.3, 11.5, 8, 2.6, -0.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 2.7, 3.4, 6.9, 9, 13.6, 16.8, 18.6, 18.7, 15.2, 13, 6.4, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.2, 12.3, 16.2, 18, 22.3, 27.2, 26.5, 27.4, 25.5, 19.3, 14.1, 11.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.5, -1.8, -0.4, 1.3, 5.5, 9.5, 12.3, 12.4, 8.6, 6.6, 1.8, -2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.2, 8.6, 7.7, 9.5, 12.8, 17.2, 16.9, 17.6, 16.3, 13.3, 10.1, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15, 17.3, 21.9, 24.7, 28, 31.3, 36.7, 31.1, 30.8, 23.3, 17.4, 16.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -5.4, -9.6, -3.5, -3.3, 1.4, 6.4, 10.4, 9.8, 5, 4.2, -4, -5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4, 4, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 4.3, 5, 5.7, 6, 6.1, 6, 5.7, 5, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.1, 4.9, 4.9, 4.8, 4.6, 4.5, 4.5, 4.3, 4.2, 4.2, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7.2, 7.7, 8.1, 8.1, 8, 7.4, 6.5, 5.9, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.1, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5, 4.8, 4.7, 4.5, 5.1, 6.3, 7.6, 8.8, 9.7, 10.5, 10.9, 11, 10.9, 10.4, 9.4, 8, 7.4, 6.9, 6.5, 6.2, 7.3, 7.1, 6.9, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2, 6.1, 6.9, 8.1, 9.4, 10.5, 11.5, 12.1, 12.5, 12.8, 12.8, 12.7, 12.3, 11.7, 10.6, 9.4, 8.7, 8.2, 7.7, 11.1, 11, 10.6, 10.4, 10.1, 10, 10.5, 11.6, 12.8, 14.1, 15.1, 16, 16.6, 16.8, 16.8, 16.8, 16.6, 16.2, 15.6, 14.7, 13.6, 12.6, 12, 11.5, 14.9, 14.7, 14.3, 14, 13.8, 13.7, 14.5, 15.6, 16.9, 18.1, 19.1, 19.9, 20.5, 20.7, 20.9, 21, 20.8, 20.4, 19.9, 19.2, 18.1, 16.8, 16, 15.5, 16.1, 16, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 15.1, 15.7, 16.7, 17.8, 18.8, 19.7, 20.5, 21.2, 21.1, 21.4, 21.4, 21.2, 20.8, 20.2, 19.5, 18.6, 17.5, 16.9, 16.5, 16.6, 16.5, 16.1, 15.9, 15.7, 15.5, 15.5, 16.4, 17.7, 18.9, 20.1, 21, 21.6, 21.8, 22, 22, 21.7, 21.3, 20.8, 19.8, 18.5, 17.8, 17.3, 16.9, 14.7, 14.7, 14.2, 13.9, 13.7, 13.5, 13.3, 13.6, 14.7, 16, 17.3, 18.3, 19.1, 19.5, 19.7, 19.7, 19.5, 19, 18.1, 16.9, 16.1, 15.6, 15.2, 14.9, 11.9, 11.9, 11.8, 11.6, 11.5, 11.3, 11.3, 11.3, 11.6, 12.4, 13.3, 14.2, 14.9, 15.2, 15.3, 15.3, 15, 14.4, 13.5, 13, 12.7, 12.4, 12.2, 12.1, 7.7, 7.7, 7.5, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.2, 7.2, 7.5, 8.1, 8.9, 9.5, 9.8, 9.8, 9.7, 9.4, 8.7, 8.3, 8.1, 8, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 5.5, 5.5, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.1, 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 6.6, 6.9, 7.1, 7, 6.6, 6.2, 6, 6, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7, 5.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 77, 74, 61, 63, 62, 54, 62, 59, 63, 76, 78, 82 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 14.2, 11.8, 11.8, 11.6, 13.4, 11.2, 16, 12, 11.2, 15.4, 16.8, 12.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 158, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 0.8, 2.6, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4.2, 12.6, 18.8, 23.2, 29, 28.8, 29.6, 29.8, 28.6, 30.2, 20.4, 10.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.2, 16.4, 12.2, 11.4, 12.2, 10.2, 9.2, 8.2, 10.6, 17.8, 17, 22.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.8, 2.2, 1, 2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:37:31.077Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=51.9225&longitude=4.47917&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1590, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "13,800 works by 99 institutions in Rotterdam" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 48, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Rotterdam The Hague Airport (RTM), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "RTM, AMS, EIN, ANR" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025-10-29", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK20251029", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Representatives, 29 Oct 2025, with ParlGov party positions: D66 16.9% (4.5), PVV 16.7% (8.8), VVD 14.2% (7.3), GroenLinks–PvdA 12.8% (2.8, members' average), CDA 11.8% (5.9), JA21 5.9% (8.7, party-family average). Parties with a position took 94% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 70, 90, 143, 193, 226, 216, 221, 203, 153, 115, 67, 56 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.313Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at RotterdamTheHagueAp, 5 km away at -5 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1752, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.313Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at RotterdamTheHagueAp, 5 km away at -5 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.9, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.88, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NL/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/NLD/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 86.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 807, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "brussels-be": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=2018101503&table_name=loi", "note": "On request to 12 weeks, at least 6 days after the first consultation (Loi du 15 octobre 2018 relative à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse, art. 2; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 59, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=1804032130&table_name=loi", "note": "Marriage: Code civil, art. 143, since 1 June 2003 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 56.9, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Région de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BE10), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 40.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 67, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.17, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 13.16, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 49.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.3, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 16 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 6, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Bruxelles/Brussel (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 4.1%, by bicycle 1.9%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcbrussels" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 73, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 26 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.9, "note": "Brussels urban centre (1,468,754 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.9 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 7.9 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 8.1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Brussels%22&per_page=1", "note": "8,240 accounts whose location names \"Brussels\", over 1,019,022 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.onva.fgov.be/fr/ouvriers/duree-de-vacances/calcul-des-jours-de-vacances", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks after a full year of work in the previous year (ONVA, the national annual holiday office)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 44.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 555,820 tests (Brussels, BE-BRU)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.389Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/BE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in BE-BRU" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 11562, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 11562, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 7778, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 7823, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 4000, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 4077, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.209Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/BEL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 15.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.148Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 6.8, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.148Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 5.9, 8.8, 11.7, 13.8, 18.3, 22.6, 22.8, 23.3, 20.6, 16.2, 10.2, 7.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.2, 2.8, 3.6, 5.2, 9.2, 13.1, 14.2, 14.7, 12.4, 9.8, 5.3, 3.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 2, 4.8, 8.2, 10.7, 16.4, 22.1, 22.3, 22.7, 19.5, 14.2, 7.2, 4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -3, -1.2, 0, 1.8, 6.9, 11.8, 13.3, 13.9, 11, 7.4, 1.9, -0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.9, 4.3, 6.4, 8.9, 14, 17.1, 18.9, 18.9, 15.3, 13, 5.7, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.3, 12.9, 16.8, 19.2, 23.9, 28.1, 27.5, 28.7, 26.2, 19.9, 14.7, 12 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.4, -2.8, -0.9, 0.5, 5, 9.8, 11.5, 11.8, 7.6, 5.7, 0.7, -2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7, 8.2, 8, 9.3, 12.7, 17, 17.1, 17.7, 16.5, 13.5, 9.9, 8.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.1, 17.8, 22.2, 26.3, 29.3, 32.7, 36.8, 33.7, 31.1, 25.2, 17.7, 15.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -6.4, -8.5, -4.7, -4, 0.9, 6.4, 9.6, 9.7, 4.5, 2.8, -2.2, -6.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.1, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 3.2, 4, 4.7, 4.8, 5, 5.1, 4.9, 4.3, 3.9, 3.7, 3.5, 3.4, 3.2, 3.1, 4.8, 4.6, 4.5, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.1, 4, 4, 4.6, 5.6, 6.7, 7.6, 7.9, 8.1, 8.3, 8.2, 7.7, 6.8, 6.2, 5.9, 5.5, 5.2, 5, 5.8, 5.6, 5.4, 5.1, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.4, 5.1, 6.4, 7.9, 9.2, 10.1, 10.7, 11.1, 11.3, 11.2, 10.9, 9.9, 8.5, 7.8, 7.2, 6.7, 6.3, 7.5, 7.1, 6.8, 6.4, 6.1, 5.8, 5.6, 6.5, 7.8, 9.2, 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, 12.8, 13.1, 13.3, 13.3, 13.1, 12.5, 11.4, 10.1, 9.2, 8.6, 8, 11.3, 10.9, 10.4, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 10.1, 11.3, 12.6, 14, 15.2, 16.3, 17, 17.1, 17.3, 17.5, 17.6, 17.3, 16.8, 16, 14.7, 13.5, 12.7, 12, 15.7, 15, 14.5, 14, 13.6, 13.5, 14.3, 15.5, 16.8, 18.2, 19.4, 20.5, 21.3, 21.3, 21.6, 21.9, 21.9, 21.8, 21.4, 20.7, 19.5, 18, 17.3, 16.5, 16.4, 15.9, 15.4, 15.1, 14.8, 14.7, 15.2, 16.3, 17.7, 19, 20.1, 21, 21.6, 21.7, 21.9, 22.1, 22.1, 21.8, 21.5, 20.7, 19.5, 18.3, 17.5, 16.9, 17, 16.5, 16, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 15.2, 16, 17.4, 18.8, 20.2, 21.3, 22.1, 22.3, 22.5, 22.8, 22.8, 22.5, 22, 21.1, 19.7, 18.7, 18, 17.4, 14.6, 14.3, 13.8, 13.5, 13.3, 13.1, 12.9, 13.2, 14.4, 16, 17.4, 18.6, 19.5, 19.7, 19.9, 20, 19.9, 19.5, 18.6, 17.3, 16.4, 15.9, 15.4, 14.9, 11.7, 11.7, 11.3, 11.2, 11, 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, 11.1, 12.2, 13.3, 14.3, 15.1, 15.3, 15.5, 15.5, 15.3, 14.7, 13.7, 13.1, 12.7, 12.4, 12.1, 11.8, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.9, 7.7, 8.5, 9.2, 9.4, 9.4, 9.5, 9.1, 8.4, 8, 7.7, 7.5, 7.4, 7.2, 7, 5.1, 5, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 5.1, 5.7, 6.3, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7, 6.4, 5.9, 5.7, 5.7, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 79, 72, 60, 63, 63, 56, 61, 59, 61, 73, 77, 82 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13.4, 10.8, 11.8, 10.8, 12.6, 9.6, 12.6, 12, 11.2, 12.8, 13.8, 13.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 145, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3, 0.8, 3, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 3, 11.4, 19.4, 23.4, 29.6, 29, 29, 29.6, 29, 30.4, 18.8, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20.2, 15.6, 13.4, 11.8, 12.6, 11, 10, 10.2, 11.8, 15.2, 17.4, 23.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:39:12.484Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.85045&longitude=4.34878&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2203, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "22,449 works by 476 institutions in Brussels" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 54, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Brussels Airport (BRU), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BRU, ANR, CRL, LGG, LIL, EIN, MST" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.5, "period": "2024-06-09", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://resultatselection.belgium.be/fr/election-results/chambre-des-repr%C3%A9sentants/2024/royaume/251712", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Chamber of Representatives, 9 Jun 2024, with ParlGov party positions: N-VA 16.7% (6.5), Vlaams Belang 13.8% (9.7), MR 10.3% (6.7), PVDA-PTB 9.9% (1.3, party-family average), Vooruit 8.1% (3.2), PS 8% (2.9). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 39, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 27, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 59, 73, 126, 171, 198, 199, 203, 192, 155, 113, 66, 49 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.316Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at UCCLE, 6 km away at 99 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1604, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.316Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at UCCLE, 6 km away at 99 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 37.9, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/BE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.57, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/BE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 5.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/BE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.36, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/BEL/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 87.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.08, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1276, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "copenhagen-dk": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/404", "note": "On request to the end of week 18 (Sundhedsloven § 92, as amended by Act no. 404 of 29 April 2025, in force 1 June 2025; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 86, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2012/532", "note": "Marriage: Lov nr. 532 af 12. juni 2012 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 58.2, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Hovedstaden (DK01), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frccopenhagen" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 0, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 11 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 3.6, "note": "Copenhagen urban centre (1,258,202 people, 2025): nearest edge 3.6 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 11.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 14.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Copenhagen%22&per_page=1", "note": "16,850 accounts whose location names \"Copenhagen\", over 1,153,615 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2018/60", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "2.08 days for each month worked: 5 weeks (Ferieloven)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 85.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 30,247 tests (Copenhagen, DK-84)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.411Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/DK", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 47191, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 73682, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 47191, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 60437, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 21708, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 27196, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 20.4, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.203Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 5.5, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.203Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.2, 4.6, 7.2, 10.3, 15.1, 19.3, 20.7, 20.3, 18.1, 13.2, 8.2, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0.8, 0.7, 1.8, 3.9, 8.8, 12.9, 15, 14.7, 13.3, 9.4, 5.4, 2.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -0.7, -0.2, 3.1, 6.9, 12.9, 18.4, 19.9, 19.5, 16.4, 10.2, 4.4, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -4.4, -4.5, -2.8, -0.1, 5.5, 10.9, 13.6, 13.3, 11.2, 5.9, 1, -2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.6, 0.7, 3.6, 6.7, 11.5, 15.7, 18.2, 17.8, 14.4, 10.5, 3.6, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 7.7, 8.3, 11.1, 14.6, 19.3, 22.8, 23.5, 23.1, 21.6, 15.8, 12.1, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.3, -3.7, -1.8, 0.9, 4.8, 9.8, 12.7, 12.4, 10, 6.5, 0.4, -2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 4.3, 4.1, 5, 7.6, 12.3, 15.6, 17.2, 17.2, 16.2, 12.2, 9.4, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 10.9, 12, 16, 18.4, 22.2, 26.7, 27.5, 26.7, 26.1, 19.3, 14.9, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -7.7, -7.8, -4.2, -2, 2.5, 7.1, 11.1, 10.1, 8.2, 3.8, -5.7, -5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.3, 3.3, 3.3, 3.2, 2.9, 2.7, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2.1, 2.1, 2, 2, 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.8, 1.9, 2.3, 2.8, 3.4, 3.8, 4, 4, 4, 3.8, 3.3, 3, 2.8, 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 5.1, 5.7, 6.3, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.5, 6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.2, 3.9, 3.7, 3.5, 5.4, 5.2, 5, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.9, 5.6, 6.5, 7.3, 8.1, 8.8, 9.3, 9.7, 9.8, 9.8, 9.6, 9.2, 8.6, 7.7, 7, 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 9.4, 9.2, 9.5, 10.2, 10.9, 11.8, 12.7, 13.4, 13.9, 14.3, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.2, 13.9, 13.4, 12.8, 11.9, 11.4, 10.9, 10.5, 14.3, 14, 13.5, 13.3, 13.3, 13.8, 14.5, 15.4, 16.2, 16.9, 17.5, 18.1, 18.5, 18.7, 18.8, 18.6, 18.5, 18.3, 18, 17.5, 16.7, 15.8, 15.2, 14.8, 16.3, 16.1, 15.8, 15.6, 15.5, 15.8, 16.3, 17, 17.7, 18.3, 18.9, 19.4, 19.7, 19.9, 20.1, 20.1, 20, 19.7, 19.4, 18.8, 18.1, 17.3, 16.9, 16.6, 16.1, 15.9, 15.5, 15.3, 15.2, 15.1, 15.6, 16.4, 17.2, 18, 18.6, 19.2, 19.5, 19.7, 19.9, 19.9, 19.7, 19.4, 18.9, 18.2, 17.5, 17.1, 16.7, 16.4, 14.6, 14.5, 14.2, 14.1, 14, 14, 14, 14.5, 15.2, 16, 16.7, 17.2, 17.6, 17.7, 17.7, 17.6, 17.4, 17, 16.3, 15.7, 15.3, 15, 14.8, 14.6, 11, 10.9, 10.7, 10.6, 10.6, 10.6, 10.5, 10.5, 10.8, 11.4, 11.9, 12.4, 12.7, 12.7, 12.6, 12.5, 12.2, 11.8, 11.5, 11.4, 11.3, 11.2, 11.1, 11, 6.7, 6.6, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.7, 7, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.8, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.7, 4, 4.2, 4.3, 4.2, 4, 3.8, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 76, 72, 58, 56, 58, 54, 59, 57, 57, 71, 81, 82 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13, 10.6, 9, 8.2, 10.6, 9.2, 13.2, 11, 8.4, 11.2, 10.6, 11.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 126, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1, 2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 2.6, 1.8, 2.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.6, 7.8, 16.2, 28.2, 29.4, 29.8, 29.4, 29.2, 27.4, 13, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 18.6, 16, 12, 10, 10.4, 9.4, 8.4, 10, 8.6, 15.4, 20.8, 21 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 5.8, 4, 1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 4.2, 2, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3433, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "39,598 works by 298 institutions in Copenhagen" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 62, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Copenhagen Kastrup Airport (CPH), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "CPH, RKE, MMX, AGH" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.2, "period": "2026-03-24", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.statbank.dk/v1/data/FV26TOT/CSV?lang=en&VALRES=*&OMR%C3%85DE=0&Tid=2026", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Folketing, 24 Mar 2026, with ParlGov party positions: Social Democrats 21.8% (3.8), Socialist People's Party 11.6% (2.1), Venstre 10.1% (7.3), Liberal Alliance 9.4% (6, party-family average), Danish People's Party 9.1% (8.2), Moderates 7.7% (6, party-family average). Parties with a position took 98% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 23, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 48, 64, 131, 207, 271, 266, 272, 242, 171, 107, 54, 36 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.319Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Falsterbo, 36 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1867, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.319Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Falsterbo, 36 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.5, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 5.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 2.26, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/DNK/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 104.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.84, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 935, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "stockholm-se": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfst?bet=1974:595", "note": "On request to the end of week 18 (Abortlag (1974:595), 1 §; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 86, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfst?bet=1987:230", "note": "Marriage: Äktenskapsbalk (1987:230), 1 kap. 1 §, since 1 May 2009 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 60, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Stockholm (SE11), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 82, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Stockholm (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.17, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Stockholm (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 7.38, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Stockholm (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 27.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Stockholm (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 44.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Stockholm (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 2, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 19 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.9, "note": "Stockholm urban centre (1,543,892 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.9 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 8.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 20.8, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Stockholm%22&per_page=1", "note": "31,575 accounts whose location names \"Stockholm\", over 1,515,017 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/semesterlag-1977480_sfs-1977-480/", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "25 days (Semesterlag (1977:480) § 4)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 64.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 168,193 tests (Stockholm, SE-AB)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.432Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/SE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 22164, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 44328, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 22162, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 29549, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 17239, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 22985, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.305Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/SWE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 34.4, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.256Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 10.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.256Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 0.8, 1.7, 6.2, 9.5, 15.7, 21.5, 22.4, 20.7, 16.9, 11.1, 5.1, 1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -3.8, -3.9, -1.6, 0.5, 5.8, 11.7, 14, 13, 9.9, 5.6, 0.9, -3.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -3.6, -2.5, 2, 5.7, 13, 20.3, 21.9, 19.7, 15.3, 8.2, 1.7, -2.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -8.3, -8.3, -5.8, -3.5, 2.8, 10.2, 13.3, 12, 8.2, 2.5, -2.7, -7.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -4.5, -3, 0.8, 3.5, 9.9, 17.2, 19, 16.7, 12.3, 7.2, -0.4, -4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 4.6, 5.9, 11.4, 15.4, 22.2, 26.4, 26.2, 25, 21.9, 14.6, 10.6, 6.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -9.8, -10.7, -5.6, -3.4, 1.6, 8, 11.4, 9.8, 5.4, 1.4, -5.2, -10.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 1.2, 1, 3.5, 5.5, 10.1, 15.2, 16.9, 15.7, 14.6, 9.7, 6.1, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 8, 11.9, 14.4, 19.2, 26.3, 29.1, 32.3, 29.3, 25.3, 16.3, 15, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -17, -14, -18.2, -10.2, -5.1, 3.8, 7.3, 7, -0.4, -3.1, -9.4, -16 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -1.8, -1.6, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.2, -0.8, -0.4, -0.4, -0.5, -0.7, -1.1, -1.2, -1.4, -1.5, -1.5, -1.7, -1.7, -1.8, -2.1, -2.1, -2.2, -2.3, -2.2, -2.2, -2.2, -2.2, -2, -1.3, -0.5, 0.3, 0.9, 1.2, 1.2, 0.9, 0.3, -0.5, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, -1.6, -1.7, -1.8, 0.2, 0.1, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.5, -0.5, 0, 1.2, 2.5, 3.7, 4.7, 5.4, 5.6, 5.6, 5.5, 4.9, 3.7, 2.4, 1.7, 1.3, 1, 0.7, 0.5, 2, 1.9, 1.7, 1.5, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.8, 5.3, 6.5, 7.5, 8.2, 8.7, 8.7, 8.8, 8.7, 8.3, 7.6, 6.4, 5, 4, 3.3, 2.8, 2.4, 7.2, 7.1, 6.7, 6.4, 6.5, 7.4, 8.8, 10.4, 11.8, 12.9, 13.8, 14.4, 14.9, 14.7, 14.9, 14.8, 14.5, 13.8, 12.8, 11.5, 10, 8.9, 8.2, 7.8, 13.3, 12.8, 12.2, 11.9, 12.5, 13.6, 15, 16.4, 17.7, 18.8, 19.7, 20.4, 20.8, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4, 20.1, 19.6, 18.9, 17.9, 16.6, 15.2, 14.4, 13.8, 15.4, 15.2, 14.7, 14.5, 14.6, 15.4, 16.5, 17.6, 18.8, 19.8, 20.6, 21.3, 21.8, 21.6, 21.6, 21.5, 21.2, 20.7, 20, 19.1, 17.9, 16.8, 16.1, 15.7, 14.5, 14.3, 13.9, 13.7, 13.5, 13.7, 14.6, 15.8, 17, 18, 18.9, 19.6, 20, 19.9, 19.9, 19.8, 19.4, 18.9, 18.1, 16.9, 15.9, 15.4, 15, 14.7, 11.6, 11.4, 10.9, 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, 11, 11.9, 13.1, 14.3, 15.3, 16, 16.5, 16.4, 16.4, 16.2, 15.7, 14.9, 13.8, 12.9, 12.4, 12.2, 11.9, 11.6, 7.4, 7.3, 7, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.9, 7.5, 8.5, 9.4, 10.1, 10.5, 10.5, 10.5, 10.2, 9.6, 8.8, 8.4, 8.1, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 7.4, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.3, 4.3, 4.1, 3.7, 3.3, 3.2, 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, -1, -1, -1.1, -1.1, -1.1, -1.1, -1.1, -1.1, -1.1, -1, -0.7, -0.3, 0, 0.1, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7, -0.7, -0.8, -0.8, -0.9, -0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 82, 72, 64, 61, 56, 52, 54, 61, 65, 68, 82, 80 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13, 7.6, 6.2, 7.2, 9, 10.8, 14.4, 13.4, 8.2, 10.4, 8.8, 11.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 120, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 3.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 1.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.8, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 2.4, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 2.4, 1.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 2.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0.8, 7.4, 15.8, 27.8, 27.8, 26.8, 28.4, 29.8, 23.6, 7.2, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 21, 15.4, 13.2, 12, 9.6, 8, 8.8, 10.4, 12, 14.8, 20.4, 22.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 6.6, 3, 2.2, 2.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:42:34.939Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.32938&longitude=18.06871&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2469, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "37,411 works by 561 institutions in Stockholm" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 56, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 36, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BMA, ARN, VST, NYO" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.7, "period": "2026-09-13", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.val.se/valresultat-och-statistik/riksdags--region--och-kommunval/valresultat-2026", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Riksdag, 13 Sept 2026, with ParlGov party positions: Social Democrats 28% (3.4), Moderates 19.9% (7.9), Sweden Democrats 17.5% (8.7, party-family average), Left Party 8.4% (1.5), Centre Party 7% (5.8), Christian Democrats 6.2% (7.2). Parties with a position took 98% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 24, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 26, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 8376, "period": "2026", "level": "city", "source": "scb-rent", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Stockholm municipality, 2-room homes (one bedroom), median annual rent of every rented dwelling (100514 SEK) divided by 12 (SCB BO0406)" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 13429, "period": "2026", "level": "city", "source": "scb-rent", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Stockholm municipality, homes of 4 rooms or more (three bedrooms or more), median annual rent of every rented dwelling (161148 SEK) divided by 12 (SCB BO0406)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 44, 75, 151, 216, 277, 277, 280, 235, 170, 96, 45, 33 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.322Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Stockholm Sol, 3 km away at 41 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1899, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.322Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Stockholm Sol, 3 km away at 41 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 45.2, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.41, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 8.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.96, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/SWE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 90.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.15, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 868, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "oslo-no": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2024-12-20-96", "note": "On request to the end of week 18 (Abortloven (lov 20. desember 2024 nr. 96), § 3, in force 1 June 2025; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1991-07-04-47", "note": "Marriage: Ekteskapsloven § 1, since 1 January 2009 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 56.5, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Oslo og Viken (NO08), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.13, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Oslo (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 27.6, "period": "2022", "level": "city", "note": "Oslo (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 2, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 75, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1041 m at 60.24, 9.55; the centre sits at about 22 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.5, "note": "Oslo urban centre (889,573 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.5 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 7.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 15.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Oslo%22&per_page=1", "note": "17,254 accounts whose location names \"Oslo\", over 1,082,575 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1988-04-29-21", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "25 working days on a six-day count (4 weeks and 1 day); an extra week from 60 (Ferieloven § 5)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 48, 77, 147, 175, 247, 232, 240, 200, 156, 94, 54, 37 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.361Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/01492.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Oslo-Blindern, 4 km away at 94 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1706, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.361Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/01492.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Oslo-Blindern, 4 km away at 94 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 56.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 211,598 tests (Oslo, NO-03)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.455Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/NO", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 13200, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 26400, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 10296, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 17503, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 10296, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 17503, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.338Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/NOR.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 39.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.308Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 14.6, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.308Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -1.2, 0.9, 5.6, 10.3, 16.5, 20.6, 21.4, 19.9, 16.3, 10, 4.1, -0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -6.6, -5.3, -2.5, 1.1, 6.8, 11.7, 13.6, 12.4, 9.6, 4.8, 0.2, -4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -5.3, -3.2, 1.8, 6.6, 13.8, 19.1, 20.7, 18.6, 14.8, 7.3, 0.9, -4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -10.8, -9.6, -6.4, -2.6, 4, 10.2, 12.9, 11.1, 8, 1.9, -3.4, -8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -8, -5.4, 1.1, 5.7, 11.3, 15.6, 17.4, 17.1, 12.3, 4.6, -1.9, -6.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 3.8, 5.7, 10.6, 16, 22.7, 24.3, 27, 22.7, 20.6, 13.6, 9.8, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -14, -12.5, -6.7, -2.4, 2, 8.5, 10.7, 10, 5.6, 0.1, -5.5, -11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 0, 0.8, 1.9, 4.6, 10.4, 14.7, 17.1, 14.4, 13.5, 9.1, 5.3, 1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 9.5, 10.8, 16.7, 19.5, 25.7, 30.5, 30.3, 28.2, 25.3, 16.2, 14.2, 8.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -27.9, -15.6, -15.2, -5.1, -1.3, 4.4, 8.7, 7.7, 1.6, -3.8, -10.5, -15.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -4.2, -4.2, -4.1, -4.1, -4.2, -4.3, -4.5, -4.5, -4.5, -4.4, -4.1, -3.6, -3, -2.9, -2.6, -2.7, -3.1, -3.3, -3.5, -3.6, -3.7, -3.8, -3.9, -4.2, -3.1, -3.2, -3, -3.1, -3.2, -3.3, -3.4, -3.7, -3.9, -3.5, -2.6, -1.6, -0.7, -0.2, 0.2, 0.1, -0.3, -1.2, -1.8, -2, -2.2, -2.5, -2.6, -2.7, -0.5, -0.7, -0.6, -0.8, -1, -1.3, -1.4, -1.4, -0.6, 0.7, 2.1, 3.3, 4.3, 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5, 4.2, 2.8, 1.7, 1, 0.4, 0, -0.3, 2.7, 2.5, 2.3, 2.1, 1.8, 1.6, 2, 3.1, 4.4, 5.8, 7.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.4, 9.8, 9.9, 9.9, 9.5, 8.6, 7.1, 5.7, 4.8, 4, 3.4, 8.8, 8.2, 7.9, 7.4, 7.1, 7.5, 8.6, 9.9, 11.3, 12.6, 13.7, 14.6, 15.3, 15.2, 15.7, 15.8, 15.7, 15.4, 14.8, 14, 12.7, 11.3, 10.4, 9.6, 13.4, 12.8, 12.5, 12.1, 12.1, 12.7, 13.6, 14.8, 16, 17.1, 18.1, 18.9, 19.5, 19.2, 19.6, 19.8, 19.7, 19.3, 18.9, 18.2, 17.1, 15.8, 14.8, 14.1, 15.3, 14.9, 14.5, 14.2, 14, 14.5, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1, 18, 19, 19.7, 20.2, 20.1, 20.5, 20.6, 20.5, 20.3, 19.8, 19.2, 18.2, 17.1, 16.3, 15.7, 14, 13.6, 13.2, 13, 12.8, 12.7, 13.3, 14.2, 15.3, 16.3, 17.3, 18.2, 18.8, 18.9, 19.2, 19.2, 19.2, 18.8, 18.1, 17.1, 16, 15.3, 14.8, 14.3, 11.4, 11.1, 10.8, 10.6, 10.5, 10.4, 10.4, 10.9, 11.8, 12.7, 13.6, 14.5, 15.2, 15.3, 15.7, 15.8, 15.7, 15.2, 14.2, 13.3, 12.7, 12.2, 11.8, 11.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.2, 6.1, 6, 5.9, 5.9, 6, 6.3, 7.1, 7.8, 8.6, 9.2, 9.4, 9.6, 9.6, 9.1, 8.3, 7.9, 7.6, 7.2, 6.9, 6.7, 6.5, 1.9, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.8, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.4, 3.4, 3.4, 3.1, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.8, 1.8, -2.5, -2.5, -2.5, -2.5, -2.5, -2.6, -2.7, -2.7, -2.8, -2.8, -2.6, -2.3, -1.9, -1.6, -1.7, -2, -2.2, -2.2, -2.4, -2.4, -2.5, -2.5, -2.5, -2.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 77, 67, 63, 59, 59, 57, 63, 63, 67, 74, 82, 81 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 9.6, 10.4, 8, 7.8, 11.2, 11, 13.8, 11.6, 10.6, 11.8, 11, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 128, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 5.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.8, 0.6, 0.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.6, 1.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 2.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 4.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.8, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 1.8, 2.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2, 2, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0.4, 5.8, 17, 28.8, 28.8, 27.4, 29.6, 28, 21.6, 5.4, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20, 13.8, 13, 10.6, 11.4, 8, 12.2, 11.8, 13.2, 17.8, 20.4, 20.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 7.4, 6, 2.4, 1.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:44:16.181Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.91273&longitude=10.74609&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2088, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "22,602 works by 633 institutions in Oslo" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 53, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 37, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Oslo-Gardermoen International Airport (OSL), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "OSL, TRF" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.3, "period": "2025-09-08", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://valgresultat.no/api/2025/st", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Storting, 8 Sept 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Labour 28% (3.4), Progress Party 23.8% (8.8), Conservatives 14.6% (7.9), Socialist Left 5.6% (1.6), Centre Party 5.6% (4.7), Red Party 5.3% (0.4). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 28, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 16, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 15260, "period": "2025", "level": "metro", "source": "ssb-rent", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Oslo and Bærum, 2-room homes (one bedroom), average monthly rent of every tenancy surveyed (SSB table 09895)" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 23200, "period": "2025", "level": "metro", "source": "ssb-rent", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Oslo and Bærum, 4-room homes (three bedrooms), average monthly rent of every tenancy surveyed (SSB table 09895)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 43.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NO/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.97, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NO/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/NO/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.93, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/NOR/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 96.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.72, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.2, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1136, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "helsinki-fi": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1970/19700239", "note": "On request to the end of week 12 (Laki raskauden keskeyttämisestä (239/1970), 1 §, as amended by 1097/2022; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 70, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1929/19290234", "note": "Marriage: Avioliittolaki as amended, in force 1 March 2017 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.1, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Helsinki-Uusimaa (FI1B), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 52, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 34.5, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 66.6, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.09, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 17.5, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2.4, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors; 16 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.9, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 22, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Helsinki/Helsingfors; on foot 8%, by bicycle 14%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frchelsinki" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 2, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 26 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 9.2, "note": "Helsinki urban centre (1,001,125 people, 2025): nearest edge 9.2 km to the east; half the directions over land end within 13.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 21.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Helsinki%22&per_page=1", "note": "14,152 accounts whose location names \"Helsinki\", over 658,864 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2005/20050162", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "2 days per full accrual month before one year of employment (24 on a six-day count); 2.5 thereafter (30 on a six-day count, equivalent to 25 on a five-day week) (Vuosilomalaki 162/2005)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 37.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 73,267 tests (Helsinki, FI-18)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.476Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/FI", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 3732, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 7464, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 6173, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 6805, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 3633, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2942, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.374Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/FIN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 39.7, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.359Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 10.8, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.359Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -0.9, -1.1, 2.3, 7.2, 13.4, 19.4, 21.7, 19.8, 15.6, 9.8, 4.5, 0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -6, -6.1, -3.5, 0.2, 5.6, 11.9, 14.9, 13.8, 10.2, 5.4, 0.8, -4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -6.1, -5.9, -2.1, 3.2, 10.5, 18.1, 21.2, 19, 13.6, 6.2, 0.5, -4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -11.4, -11.3, -8.3, -4.2, 2.2, 10.1, 14, 12.6, 8, 1.4, -3.6, -9.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -6.5, -7.3, -1.7, 2.3, 7.9, 15.1, 18.2, 16.4, 10.5, 5.7, -0.4, -5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 3.1, 3.1, 6.7, 12.5, 18.6, 24.7, 25.9, 23.2, 19.6, 12.9, 9.1, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -15.6, -14.2, -9.4, -3.2, 0.6, 7.8, 11.6, 9.5, 5.2, 0, -5.6, -11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 0.9, 0.5, 1.3, 4.2, 10.5, 16, 18.5, 17.3, 15.3, 9.9, 6.3, 2.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 5.3, 6.1, 9.9, 16.8, 24.9, 27.4, 30, 26.3, 22.5, 15.1, 13.4, 7.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -25.8, -19.3, -16.5, -8.1, -1.8, 4.1, 8.9, 6.8, 2.8, -3.8, -10.6, -15.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -3.3, -3.3, -3.4, -3.4, -3.5, -3.5, -3.5, -3.5, -3.5, -3.4, -3.3, -3.1, -2.8, -2.6, -2.6, -2.7, -2.8, -3, -3.1, -3.2, -3.2, -3.2, -3.3, -3.3, -3.8, -3.9, -3.9, -4, -4.1, -4.1, -4.1, -4.2, -4.2, -4, -3.5, -3.1, -2.6, -2.3, -2.1, -2.2, -2.4, -2.7, -2.9, -3, -3.2, -3.3, -3.4, -3.5, -1.4, -1.5, -1.6, -1.7, -1.9, -1.9, -2, -1.9, -1.4, -0.7, 0, 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 1.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.5, -0.1, -0.4, -0.7, -1, -1.2, 1.9, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.1, 1, 1.3, 2.1, 3.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.9, 6.3, 6.5, 6.5, 6.4, 6.2, 5.9, 5.4, 4.4, 3.7, 3.1, 2.7, 2.3, 7.4, 7, 6.8, 6.4, 6.2, 6.6, 7.5, 8.7, 9.9, 10.9, 11.5, 12, 12.4, 12.7, 12.6, 12.7, 12.6, 12.3, 11.8, 11.2, 10.3, 9.3, 8.7, 8.1, 13.6, 13.1, 12.8, 12.3, 12.4, 13.1, 14.2, 15.3, 16.3, 17.2, 17.8, 18.2, 18.5, 18.7, 18.8, 18.8, 18.6, 18.5, 18.1, 17.6, 16.9, 15.9, 15, 14.3, 16.7, 16.3, 15.9, 15.5, 15.3, 15.8, 16.7, 17.7, 18.7, 19.4, 20.1, 20.5, 20.8, 21, 20.8, 21, 20.9, 20.7, 20.3, 19.8, 19, 18.2, 17.5, 17, 15.5, 15.2, 15, 14.6, 14.5, 14.4, 14.9, 15.8, 16.7, 17.5, 18.2, 18.8, 19.1, 19.3, 19.1, 19.1, 19, 18.8, 18.4, 17.7, 17, 16.4, 16, 15.7, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.3, 11.2, 11.1, 11.1, 11.5, 12.3, 13.2, 13.9, 14.5, 14.9, 15.2, 15, 15, 14.9, 14.5, 13.9, 13.2, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.1, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.6, 6.5, 6.8, 7.4, 8, 8.5, 8.9, 9.2, 9.1, 9.1, 8.9, 8.4, 8.1, 7.9, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.7, 3.4, 3.1, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.9, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.8, -1.6, -1.5, -1.4, -1.3, -1.4, -1.6, -1.6, -1.8, -1.8, -1.9, -2, -1.9, -2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 86, 82, 66, 59, 56, 48, 53, 61, 65, 73, 85, 84 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 16, 10.2, 9.4, 10, 9, 10.6, 12.4, 14.6, 9.6, 13.4, 13.4, 14.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 143, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 3, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 1.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1.4, 0.8, 2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.8, 1.8, 1.6, 2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 3, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.8, 10, 24, 28.2, 25.8, 29, 28.6, 18.2, 3.8, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 23.2, 19.2, 14.8, 12.4, 9.8, 6, 8.4, 10.6, 12.6, 17.6, 22.2, 23.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 11.8, 6.8, 5, 2.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 2.4, 1.8, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:45:57.627Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=60.16952&longitude=24.93545&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3155, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "20,787 works by 462 institutions in Helsinki" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 61, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 17, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Helsinki Vantaa Airport (HEL), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "HEL, TLL" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.5, "period": "2023-04-02", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EKV-2023/en/tulos_kokomaa.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Eduskunta, 2 Apr 2023, with ParlGov party positions: National Coalition Party 20.8% (7.2), Finns Party 20.1% (6.6), Social Democrats 19.9% (3.6), Centre Party 11.3% (5.8), Left Alliance 7.1% (2.2), Greens 7% (3.6). Parties with a position took 97% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 950, "period": "2026Q3", "level": "city", "source": "statfin-rent", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Helsinki, non-subsidised two-room flats (one bedroom), median monthly rent of every tenancy (Statistics Finland table 15fc)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 35, 71, 146, 203, 296, 278, 308, 248, 160, 89, 34, 23 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.364Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at HelsinkiKumpula, 4 km away at 24 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1890, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.364Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at HelsinkiKumpula, 4 km away at 24 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.9, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FI/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.61, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FI/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 9.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/FI/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 2.14, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/FIN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 90.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.98, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 777, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "zurich-ch": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/54/757_781_799/de#art_119", "note": "On written request to 12 weeks after the last period, the woman stating that she is in distress (Strafgesetzbuch Art. 119 Abs. 2; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 45, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/de#art_94", "note": "Marriage: Zivilgesetzbuch Art. 94, since 1 July 2022 (Ehe für alle) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 56.6, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Zürich (CH04), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 60.41, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 39.9, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 91, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.26, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 44.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 60.8, "period": "2021", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 11.7, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Zurich (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 4.9%, by bicycle 6.8%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frczurich" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 325, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 31, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1537 m at 47.09, 8.59; the centre sits at about 434 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.9, "note": "Zurich urban centre (689,208 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.9 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 6.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 30.8, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Zurich%22&per_page=1", "note": "12,801 accounts whose location names \"Zurich\", over 415,367 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.ch.ch/en/work/working-hours/vacation--public-holidays-and-absences-from-work/", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks; 5 weeks under 20 (ch.ch: vacation entitlement, Code of Obligations art. 329a)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 75.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 102,552 tests (Zurich, CH-ZH)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.498Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CH", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in CH-ZH" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 31200, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 62400, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 15677, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 16956, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 10568, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 10424, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.407Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 8.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.394Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 1.2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.394Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.6, 8, 11.4, 13.9, 18.1, 24.5, 24.6, 24.6, 20.1, 15.8, 8.4, 4.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1.5, -0.1, 1.4, 3.7, 8.8, 14.1, 15.2, 15.1, 11.8, 7.9, 2.6, -0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 1.2, 5, 8.7, 11.8, 17.5, 25.6, 25.9, 25.9, 20.2, 14.9, 6.1, 2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -4.9, -3.4, -1.6, 1, 7.2, 14.1, 15.6, 15.7, 11.4, 6.3, 0, -3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.6, 3, 5.5, 7.3, 12.5, 19.4, 19.9, 18.4, 14.1, 12, 3.9, 0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 9.3, 12.7, 17, 19.4, 23.7, 29.6, 29.4, 30.6, 25.8, 20.6, 12.8, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -4.9, -3.5, -2.9, -0.6, 5.5, 11, 12.4, 12.1, 7.7, 4, -0.8, -3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.9, 3.8, 5.3, 7.7, 12.1, 17.7, 17.9, 18.7, 16, 11.4, 6.3, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.4, 15.7, 20.8, 24.9, 29.5, 33.7, 33.6, 34, 28.8, 25.2, 16.2, 13.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -11, -10.8, -5.6, -4.3, 1.8, 7.1, 10.4, 10.3, 4.3, 0.8, -5.1, -10.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 3.6, 3.9, 4, 3.5, 2.4, 1.7, 1.3, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.9, 1.9, 2.1, 1.9, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.3, 1.2, 2.4, 3.7, 5.1, 6.4, 6.7, 7.3, 7.6, 7.3, 6.3, 4.8, 3.9, 3.3, 2.8, 2.4, 2.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.3, 2.8, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 3.6, 5.3, 7, 8.5, 9.7, 10.2, 10.8, 11, 10.9, 10.2, 8.6, 7.1, 6, 5.2, 4.5, 4, 6, 5.6, 5.5, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, 4.4, 5.6, 7.1, 8.6, 10, 11.2, 12.2, 12.6, 13.1, 13.3, 13.2, 12.7, 11.8, 10.1, 8.9, 7.9, 7.2, 6.6, 10.5, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.9, 11.2, 12.5, 13.7, 14.9, 16, 16.7, 17, 17.4, 17.4, 17.2, 16.7, 16.1, 14.9, 13.4, 12.5, 11.7, 11.2, 16.3, 15.9, 15.5, 15.1, 14.8, 14.6, 15.6, 17, 18.3, 19.7, 21, 22.2, 23.1, 23.4, 23.6, 23.7, 23.7, 23.3, 22.6, 21.4, 19.8, 18.6, 17.7, 17, 17.4, 17.1, 16.5, 16.1, 15.8, 15.7, 16.3, 17.4, 18.6, 19.8, 21, 22.1, 23, 23.4, 23.7, 23.9, 23.7, 23.3, 22.7, 21.6, 20.1, 19, 18.4, 17.8, 17.5, 17.1, 16.6, 16.2, 15.9, 15.8, 15.8, 16.9, 18.2, 19.5, 20.8, 22, 23, 23.4, 23.9, 24, 23.8, 23.5, 22.7, 21.3, 20, 19.2, 18.4, 18, 13.8, 13.5, 13.1, 12.8, 12.7, 12.6, 12.4, 13, 14.2, 15.4, 16.7, 17.8, 18.8, 19.2, 19.6, 19.7, 19.5, 19, 17.6, 16.2, 15.6, 15, 14.5, 14.1, 9.9, 9.7, 9.4, 9.3, 9.2, 9.2, 9.1, 9.1, 9.9, 11, 12.3, 13.5, 14.7, 14.8, 15.2, 15.4, 15, 13.8, 12.5, 11.9, 11.3, 10.9, 10.5, 10.1, 4.4, 4.4, 4.3, 4.3, 4.2, 4.2, 4.1, 4, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7.3, 7.6, 7.7, 7.7, 7.2, 6.1, 5.5, 5.2, 5, 4.8, 4.6, 4.5, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1, 1.5, 2.2, 3.1, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.3, 3.5, 2.7, 2.3, 2.3, 1.9, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 79, 72, 65, 65, 68, 56, 58, 54, 65, 74, 83, 86 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13, 10.6, 11.6, 12.6, 18.8, 14.8, 16.8, 11.8, 13.4, 11.2, 14.6, 13.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 163, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 0, 1.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 1.8, 2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 2.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 3.6, 5.2, 6.2, 1.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 5, 13.2, 21.6, 23, 28.8, 26, 25, 22.6, 29.2, 30.4, 15.8, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.2, 5.8, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 18.4, 15.2, 13.8, 13.6, 16.2, 10.2, 7.8, 8.6, 11.8, 14.8, 18.2, 22.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3.2, 5.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 4.8, 2, 1.8, 2.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3.6, 3.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:47:38.914Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.36667&longitude=8.55&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 9928, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "41,237 works by 397 institutions in Zurich" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 81, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 10, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Zürich Airport (ZRH), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ZRH, ACH, FDH, BSL, BRN" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 4.7, "period": "2023-10-22", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-1702020000_104/px-x-1702020000_104.px", "note": "Estimate from the official result of National Council, party strength, 22 Oct 2023, with ParlGov party positions: SVP 27.4% (7.4), SP 21.1% (1.8), FDP 12.5% (6.8, members' average), GLP 12.4% (2.5, party-family average), Grüne 9.9% (1.7), Mitte 8.2% (6.1, members' average). Parties with a position took 96% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 23, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 119, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 60, 89, 144, 178, 192, 207, 229, 216, 164, 109, 61, 47 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.368Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at ZuerichFluntern, 2 km away at 556 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1694, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.368Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at ZuerichFluntern, 2 km away at 556 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 41.6, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.48, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.98, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CHE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 128.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.6, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 2596, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "geneva-ch": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/54/757_781_799/de#art_119", "note": "On written request to 12 weeks after the last period, the woman stating that she is in distress (Strafgesetzbuch Art. 119 Abs. 2; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 45, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/de#art_94", "note": "Marriage: Zivilgesetzbuch Art. 94, since 1 July 2022 (Ehe für alle) (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 46.4, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Région lémanique (CH01), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 49.82, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 36.08, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 73, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.21, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 9.98, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 54, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 46.3, "period": "2021", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 23.3, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Geneva (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 11.6%, by bicycle 11.7%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 276, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 16, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1409 m at 46.29, 5.98; the centre sits at about 383 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.5, "note": "Geneva urban centre (433,727 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.5 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 4.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 27.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Geneva%22&per_page=1", "note": "5,492 accounts whose location names \"Geneva\" or \"Genève\", over 201,741 residents; the count includes the few naming Geneva in United States (1% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.ch.ch/en/work/working-hours/vacation--public-holidays-and-absences-from-work/", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks; 5 weeks under 20 (ch.ch: vacation entitlement, Code of Obligations art. 329a)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 93.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 19,494 tests (Geneva, CH-GE)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.517Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CH", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in CH-GE" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 31200, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 62400, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 15677, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 16956, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 10568, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 10424, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.435Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CHE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 8.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.394Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 1.2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.394Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 5.9, 9, 12, 14.6, 19, 25.4, 26.5, 26.9, 21.1, 16.7, 9.8, 6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -0.2, 1.1, 3, 5.2, 9.9, 15.4, 16.4, 16.8, 13, 9.4, 3.8, 0.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 2.5, 6.1, 9.2, 12.4, 18.3, 26.3, 27.3, 27.4, 20.9, 15.6, 7.5, 3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -3.9, -2.1, 0.1, 2.5, 8.4, 15.6, 17.1, 17.6, 12.9, 8.1, 1.3, -2.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 1.7, 5.1, 6.9, 9, 13.7, 20.2, 21.3, 20.3, 15.4, 12.8, 5, 3.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.3, 13.2, 16.8, 19.8, 24.5, 30.5, 31.9, 33.6, 26.9, 21.1, 14, 10.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.7, -2.1, -0.5, 0.8, 6.9, 12.2, 13.4, 13.1, 8.4, 6.1, 0, -2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.9, 4.4, 6.3, 9.1, 13.1, 18.4, 19.2, 19.9, 17.3, 12.8, 7.5, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.9, 16.4, 20.8, 26.3, 31.5, 34.9, 37.9, 38.3, 31.2, 26.8, 17.2, 13.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -6, -5.9, -3.3, -2.3, 3.6, 8.2, 10.9, 10.2, 6.4, 2.9, -3.8, -4.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 2.8, 3.9, 4.8, 5.1, 5.4, 5.4, 5, 3.9, 3.2, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2, 1.9, 1.8, 3.1, 3.1, 3.2, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6, 7.3, 7.8, 8.5, 8.8, 8.6, 7.6, 6, 5.4, 4.8, 4.2, 3.7, 3.3, 5, 5.1, 5.1, 4.8, 4.5, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 4.7, 6.2, 7.6, 8.9, 10, 10.6, 11.4, 11.6, 11.5, 11, 9.7, 8.3, 7.6, 6.9, 6.2, 5.7, 7.3, 7.3, 7.2, 6.7, 6.3, 6, 5.7, 6.6, 8, 9.3, 10.5, 11.7, 12.7, 13.2, 13.9, 14.1, 14.1, 13.6, 12.8, 11.2, 10.1, 9.3, 8.5, 8, 11.8, 11.7, 11.4, 11.1, 10.7, 10.5, 10.7, 12, 13.2, 14.3, 15.4, 16.4, 17.3, 17.9, 18.3, 18.4, 18.3, 18, 17.3, 16.1, 14.7, 13.9, 13.1, 12.5, 17.5, 17.4, 16.9, 16.6, 16.1, 15.9, 16.5, 17.7, 18.9, 20.1, 21.3, 22.4, 23.4, 24.1, 24.5, 24.6, 24.5, 24.2, 23.5, 22.4, 20.7, 19.7, 18.8, 18.2, 18.8, 18.6, 18, 17.6, 17.2, 16.9, 17.3, 18.5, 19.8, 21, 22.3, 23.4, 24.5, 25.1, 25.8, 25.9, 25.7, 25.3, 24.7, 23.7, 22, 21.1, 20.3, 19.5, 19.2, 19, 18.5, 18, 17.7, 17.4, 17.2, 18.3, 19.6, 21, 22.4, 23.6, 24.8, 25.5, 26.3, 26.4, 26.3, 25.9, 25, 23.4, 21.9, 21.3, 20.4, 19.7, 15.1, 15, 14.6, 14.3, 14, 13.9, 13.7, 13.9, 15.2, 16.5, 17.7, 18.8, 19.6, 20.1, 20.6, 20.8, 20.6, 20.1, 18.9, 17.6, 17, 16.4, 15.8, 15.4, 11.5, 11.4, 11, 10.7, 10.6, 10.5, 10.3, 10.3, 10.9, 12.2, 13.4, 14.5, 15.5, 15.7, 16.2, 16.3, 16, 15, 13.7, 13.4, 13.1, 12.5, 12.1, 11.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.1, 4.9, 6, 7, 8, 8.8, 9.1, 9.2, 9.2, 8.8, 7.7, 7.2, 7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, 5.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2, 2.4, 3.7, 4.7, 5.5, 5.8, 6, 5.9, 5.1, 4.1, 3.7, 3.4, 3.2, 2.9, 2.7, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 72, 64, 60, 57, 61, 52, 45, 44, 57, 66, 75, 74 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.8, 8.4, 11.4, 11, 13.4, 12.8, 10.8, 9, 11.6, 11, 14.8, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 139, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 2, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 1.6, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 2, 1, 2.2, 1.6, 0.6, 2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 2.2, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 1.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.8, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 2.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 2.4, 2.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 1, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 2.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 2.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 2, 2.8, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 2, 2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 4.6, 8.4, 8.6, 2.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 6.6, 15.4, 24.8, 25.6, 29, 24.4, 21.6, 20.2, 27.8, 30, 18.8, 7.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 3.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 15.6, 11, 11.4, 11.4, 11.4, 7.6, 5.2, 5.4, 9.2, 12.2, 14, 16.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 5.4, 8.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 3.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:49:20.205Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=46.20222&longitude=6.14569&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 7567, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "15,266 works by 188 institutions in Geneva" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 76, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Geneva International Airport (GVA), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "GVA, NCY, CMF, LYS" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 4.8, "period": "2023-10-22", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-1702020000_104/px-x-1702020000_104.px", "note": "Estimate from the official result of National Council, party strength, 22 Oct 2023, with ParlGov party positions: SP 18.4% (1.8), FDP 15.7% (6.8, members' average), Grüne 15.4% (1.7), SVP 15.3% (7.4), MCR 12.3% (8.7, party-family average), Mitte 8.2% (6.1, members' average). Parties with a position took 95% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 61, 96, 161, 187, 212, 246, 269, 242, 184, 116, 65, 48 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.373Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at GeneveCointrin, 5 km away at 411 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1887, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.373Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at GeneveCointrin, 5 km away at 411 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 41.6, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.48, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CH/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.98, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CHE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 128.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.6, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 2596, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "vienna-at": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10002296&Paragraf=97", "note": "Not punished in the first three months, after a consultation with a doctor (Strafgesetzbuch § 97 Abs. 1 Z 1; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 73, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10001622&Paragraf=44", "note": "Marriage: ABGB § 44, after the Constitutional Court's ruling G 258/2017, since 1 January 2019 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 46.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Wien (AT13), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.12, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Wien (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 32.2, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Wien (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 338, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 59, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1275 m at 47.95, 15.67; the centre sits at about 189 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 6.1, "note": "Vienna urban centre (2,056,565 people, 2025): nearest edge 6.1 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 9.4 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 11.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Vienna%22&per_page=1", "note": "19,615 accounts whose location names \"Vienna\" or \"Wien\", over 1,691,468 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10008376", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "5 weeks (30 working days on a six-day count); 6 weeks after 25 years of service (Urlaubsgesetz § 2)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 30.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,521,716 tests (Vienna, AT-9)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.538Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/AT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 819, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 1638, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 819, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 1638, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 819, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 1638, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.466Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 46.5, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.428Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 8.1, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.428Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 5, 7.9, 12, 15, 19.8, 26.1, 27.5, 26.9, 22, 16.3, 8.8, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1, 0.8, 2.3, 5.7, 10.3, 15.8, 17.5, 17, 12.8, 8.2, 2.7, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 0.6, 3.7, 8, 11.7, 18, 26.2, 27.5, 27, 20.8, 13.9, 5.5, 1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -5.3, -3.4, -1.6, 2.1, 7.9, 14.9, 16.8, 16.6, 11.3, 5.8, -0.9, -3.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.7, 1.8, 6.2, 8.3, 14.8, 21.1, 22.5, 19.9, 14.8, 12.3, 3.7, 0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.3, 13.2, 18.6, 22.5, 24.3, 31.4, 32.7, 33, 27.5, 21.7, 13.6, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -5, -4.4, -2.5, 1.3, 6.8, 11.7, 14.6, 13.5, 9, 4.6, -1.1, -3.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.9, 5.7, 7.7, 10.9, 13.3, 19.4, 20.8, 20.6, 16.6, 11.4, 6.5, 4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.4, 18.6, 22.3, 25.9, 29.7, 37, 37.3, 35.4, 32.6, 26.3, 18.2, 15.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -9.6, -9, -5.3, -3.1, 4.1, 9.3, 13, 10.9, 4.3, 0.9, -6, -8.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, 1.5, 2.4, 3.3, 4, 4.2, 4.2, 3.9, 3.1, 2.3, 1.9, 1.7, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, 2.6, 2.7, 2.7, 2.4, 2.2, 2.1, 2.1, 2, 2.6, 3.8, 5, 6.1, 7, 7.1, 7.4, 7.3, 6.8, 5.6, 4.7, 4.3, 3.8, 3.5, 3.2, 2.9, 4.4, 4.4, 4.3, 3.9, 3.6, 3.2, 2.9, 3.6, 5.2, 6.8, 8.3, 9.6, 10.7, 11.1, 11.5, 11.5, 11.1, 10.1, 8.4, 7.3, 6.5, 5.8, 5.3, 4.9, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7, 6.6, 6.3, 6.8, 8.1, 9.5, 10.8, 12.1, 13.1, 13.9, 14, 14.3, 14.2, 14, 13.4, 12.3, 10.8, 9.9, 9.2, 8.7, 8.2, 12.3, 12.1, 11.7, 11.3, 11, 11.1, 12.3, 13.6, 15, 16.3, 17.4, 18.3, 18.9, 18.8, 18.9, 19, 18.8, 18.4, 17.6, 16.1, 14.9, 14.2, 13.6, 13, 17.9, 17.5, 17, 16.5, 16.1, 16.6, 17.7, 19.1, 20.6, 22, 23.3, 24.3, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.3, 24.9, 24.1, 22.8, 21.1, 20.1, 19.3, 18.6, 19.7, 19.3, 18.7, 18.3, 18, 18.1, 19.1, 20.4, 21.9, 23.3, 24.5, 25.5, 26.3, 26.4, 26.7, 26.7, 26.7, 26.2, 25.5, 24.1, 22.5, 21.6, 20.8, 20.2, 19.3, 19, 18.3, 17.9, 17.6, 17.3, 18.1, 19.6, 21.1, 22.5, 23.9, 25, 25.9, 25.7, 25.9, 26, 25.8, 25.4, 24.4, 22.8, 21.8, 21, 20.3, 19.7, 15.2, 15, 14.4, 14.1, 13.8, 13.5, 13.5, 14.7, 16.1, 17.5, 18.9, 20, 20.9, 21, 21.3, 21.3, 21, 20.2, 18.6, 17.5, 16.8, 16.2, 15.6, 15.2, 10.3, 10.2, 9.9, 9.7, 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 9.4, 10.7, 12.1, 13.5, 14.6, 15.5, 15.7, 15.8, 15.6, 15, 13.6, 12.7, 12.1, 11.7, 11.3, 11, 10.6, 4.7, 4.6, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4, 4, 4.5, 5.5, 6.4, 7.4, 8.1, 8.3, 8.3, 8, 7, 6.1, 5.7, 5.4, 5.1, 5, 4.8, 4.6, 2, 2, 2, 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6, 1.7, 2.2, 3, 3.7, 4.3, 4.4, 4.3, 4, 3.1, 2.8, 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 73, 64, 54, 66, 62, 50, 50, 50, 52, 63, 70, 78 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 9.8, 7.4, 6, 10.4, 12.6, 10.6, 10.2, 10.8, 10.8, 8.2, 8.8, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 116, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 2.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 0.8, 2, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1.8, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 2, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 5.2, 7.2, 7.8, 1.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4.2, 10.2, 18.4, 22.4, 30, 23.8, 20.8, 21, 28.6, 30.2, 14.6, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 16, 13, 11.4, 15.4, 12.8, 7.2, 5, 8, 9.4, 11.8, 15.2, 19.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4.6, 5.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 6.2, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:51:01.301Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=48.20849&longitude=16.37208&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2128, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "35,995 works by 441 institutions in Vienna" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 54, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Vienna International Airport (VIE), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "VIE, BTS" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6, "period": "2024-09-29", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.bmi.gv.at/412/Nationalratswahlen/Nationalratswahl_2024/start.aspx", "note": "Estimate from the official result of National Council, 29 Sept 2024, with ParlGov party positions: Freedom Party 28.8% (8.3), People’s Party 26.3% (6.5), Social Democrats 21.1% (3.7), NEOS 9.1% (6, party-family average), Greens 8.2% (2.5). Parties with a position took 94% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 42, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 78, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 70, 105, 155, 217, 248, 261, 274, 266, 192, 130, 68, 57 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.378Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Wien Hohe Warte, 5 km away at 198 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2042, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.378Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Wien Hohe Warte, 5 km away at 198 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 21.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 5.52, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 5.6, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/AUT/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 84.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.88, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1110, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "prague-cz": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://mzd.gov.cz/vykladove-stanovisko-mz-provedeni-umeleho-preruseni-tehotenstvi-na-zadost-cizinek-ukrajina/", "note": "On request to 12 weeks; a foreign woman needs long-term residence in the EU for this, though not for medical grounds (Zákon č. 66/1986 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství, § 4; Ministry of Health guidance; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 27, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://mv.gov.cz/partnerstvi", "note": "Partnership: Civil Code as amended by Act 123/2024 Coll., since 1 January 2025; a partnership to which most marriage rules apply, with exceptions; registered partnerships formed before 2025 continue (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 54.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Praha (CZ01), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 38, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Praha", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.13, "period": "2017", "level": "city", "note": "Praha", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 12.56, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Praha", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 15.1, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Praha", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 5, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Praha; 62 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 388, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 107, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1233 m at 50.75, 15.50; the centre sits at about 204 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.9, "note": "Prague urban centre (1,201,278 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.9 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 9.3 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 16.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Prague%22&per_page=1", "note": "18,854 accounts whose location names \"Prague\" or \"Praha\", over 1,165,581 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/living-and-working-conditions/living-and-working-conditions-czechia_en", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (EURES: Czechia working conditions, Labour Code § 213)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 29.1, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 411,495 tests (Prague, CZ-10)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.559Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CZ", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 29868, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 59736, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 93026, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 122894, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 93026, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 122894, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.494Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CZE.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 50.6, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.464Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 1.2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.464Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.4, 6.5, 10.9, 14.1, 19.5, 25.4, 26, 25.3, 21.2, 15.7, 7.8, 4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1, -0.8, 1, 4, 9.1, 14.3, 15.6, 15.2, 11.6, 7.2, 1.8, -0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 0.1, 2.5, 7.2, 10.7, 17.2, 24.9, 25.4, 25.2, 20.1, 13.4, 4.8, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -5.3, -4.8, -2.7, 0.7, 6.8, 13.5, 15.1, 14.9, 10.2, 4.7, -1.7, -4.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 0.2, -0.4, 4.7, 7.1, 14.3, 20.6, 20.8, 19.1, 13.9, 11.5, 2.4, -0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 9.8, 12, 16.7, 21.4, 24.8, 31.1, 31.8, 31.6, 28.1, 20, 12.8, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -4.9, -7.4, -4.2, -1.1, 5.1, 10.3, 12.7, 11.6, 7.8, 2.6, -2, -6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 3.5, 5, 6.2, 9.2, 13, 18.1, 18.7, 19, 15.2, 11, 5.9, 4.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 15.9, 14.6, 22.5, 27.6, 30.5, 36.3, 36.1, 36.4, 33.2, 28.4, 16.4, 16.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -10, -19.5, -5.7, -3.7, 3, 6.1, 9.4, 8.2, 3.4, -0.6, -7.9, -11.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, 3.4, 3.7, 3.7, 3.6, 2.8, 2, 1.7, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 0.9, 0.7, 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.8, 1.9, 3.1, 4.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 6, 5.5, 4.3, 3.3, 2.8, 2.3, 2, 1.7, 1.4, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 2.3, 3.9, 5.6, 7.1, 8.4, 9.5, 10, 10.4, 10.4, 10.1, 9.2, 7.4, 6.2, 5.4, 4.7, 4.1, 3.6, 6.3, 6.1, 5.8, 5.4, 5, 4.7, 5.2, 6.6, 8.2, 9.7, 11, 12, 12.7, 13.1, 13.3, 13.4, 13.2, 12.7, 11.7, 10.2, 9.1, 8.3, 7.5, 7, 11.4, 11, 10.5, 10.1, 9.7, 9.8, 10.9, 12.4, 14.1, 15.6, 16.7, 17.7, 18.4, 18.4, 18.6, 18.6, 18.4, 18, 17.3, 16, 14.6, 13.5, 12.8, 12.1, 16.8, 16.2, 15.6, 15.1, 14.7, 15.2, 16.4, 18, 19.7, 21.2, 22.4, 23.4, 24.2, 24.3, 24.2, 24.3, 24.2, 23.9, 23.3, 22.2, 20.5, 19.3, 18.4, 17.6, 18, 17.4, 16.8, 16.3, 16, 16.2, 17.2, 18.7, 20.2, 21.6, 22.9, 23.9, 24.7, 24.9, 25, 25.1, 24.9, 24.5, 23.9, 22.7, 21.1, 20.1, 19.3, 18.6, 17.7, 17.3, 16.7, 16.3, 15.9, 15.6, 16.2, 17.6, 19.2, 20.7, 22.1, 23.2, 24.1, 24.2, 24.6, 24.6, 24.5, 24.1, 23.2, 21.6, 20.3, 19.4, 18.7, 18.1, 14, 13.6, 13.1, 12.8, 12.5, 12.2, 12.2, 13.3, 14.9, 16.6, 18, 19.2, 20, 20.2, 20.7, 20.7, 20.4, 19.7, 18.1, 16.8, 16, 15.3, 14.8, 14.2, 9.3, 9, 8.7, 8.6, 8.4, 8.2, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6, 11.1, 12.5, 13.8, 14.7, 14.9, 15.1, 15, 14.4, 12.9, 11.9, 11.3, 10.7, 10.3, 9.9, 9.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.3, 5.4, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.1, 6.1, 5.4, 4.8, 4.5, 4.2, 4, 3.7, 3.5, 1.3, 1.2, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1, 1, 1.4, 2.2, 3, 3.7, 3.9, 3.9, 3.7, 3, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 78, 70, 59, 67, 64, 57, 58, 56, 54, 69, 76, 81 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12.4, 10.2, 8.8, 10, 12, 11, 13.8, 12.4, 8.6, 10.6, 9.6, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 130, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 3.4, 4.2, 2.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 3, 7.8, 18, 22, 29.8, 26, 27.6, 23.6, 29.2, 30.2, 14.2, 4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 19.2, 14.6, 12.6, 15.6, 12.8, 9.4, 7.4, 9.4, 8.8, 13.8, 17.4, 21 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 4.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 3.8, 2.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:52:42.602Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.08804&longitude=14.42076&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2458, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "28,654 works by 964 institutions in Prague" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 56, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 12, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Václav Havel Airport Prague (PRG), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "PRG, PED" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.5, "period": "2025-10-04", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.volby.cz/app/ps2025/en/results", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Chamber of Deputies, 4 Oct 2025, with ParlGov party positions: ANO 2011 34.5% (6, party-family average), SPOLU (ODS, KDU-ČSL, TOP 09) 23.4% (6.9, members' average), Mayors and Independents 11.2% (6, party-family average), Czech Pirate Party 9% (no position), Freedom and Direct Democracy 7.8% (8.7, party-family average), Motorists for Themselves 6.8% (no position). Parties with a position took 77% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 54, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 69, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 51, 83, 127, 191, 222, 230, 241, 230, 165, 108, 52, 44 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.383Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at PrahaLibus, 9 km away at 302 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1743, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.383Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at PrahaLibus, 9 km away at 302 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 22, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CZ/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.35, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CZ/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CZ/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.78, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CZE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 67, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.77, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 80, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 379, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "warsaw-pl": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/zdrowie/wytyczne-dla-lekarzy-i-podmiotow-leczniczych-ws-dostepu-do-procedury-przerwania-ciazy", "note": "Only when the pregnancy threatens the woman's life or health, mental health included, or when it may result from a crime (Ustawa z dnia 7 stycznia 1993 r., art. 4a, after the Constitutional Tribunal's judgment K 1/20 of 22 October 2020; Ministry of Health guidance of 2024; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 33, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 1, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm10.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2110", "note": "No marriage or partnership in Polish law; a 'closest person' bill passed by Parliament in 2026 was vetoed by the President on 17 July 2026, and the Sejm did not override the veto on 17 September 2026. Under the EU Court of Justice's judgment in C-713/23 (25 November 2025), Poland must recognise a same-sex marriage its citizens lawfully concluded in another EU country (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 65.3, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Warszawski stołeczny (PL91), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 24.4, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Warszawa", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.14, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Warszawa", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 2.1, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Warszawa", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Warszawa; 34 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 262, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 117 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 7.5, "note": "Warsaw urban centre (1,999,986 people, 2025): nearest edge 7.5 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 10 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 18.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Warsaw%22&per_page=1", "note": "32,210 accounts whose location names \"Warsaw\" or \"Warszawa\", over 1,702,139 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/family/the-duration-of-annual-leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "20 days, 26 after 10 years of work, which counts up to 8 years of education (Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy: duration of annual leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 41, 72, 163, 249, 283, 323, 334, 301, 230, 139, 56, 36 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.430Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12375.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Warszawa-Okecie, 8 km away at 106 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2227, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.430Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12375.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Warszawa-Okecie, 8 km away at 106 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 39.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 135,762 tests (Warsaw, PL-14)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.579Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/PL", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 9916, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 7545, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 7545, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.564Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 40.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.515Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 8.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.515Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 2.9, 4.6, 9.4, 13.6, 18.9, 24.4, 25.6, 24.9, 20.6, 14.1, 6.7, 3.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1.5, -1.8, 0.4, 4.3, 8.6, 13.9, 16, 15.3, 11.4, 6.6, 2, -0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -1.4, 0.4, 5.6, 10.4, 16.5, 23.8, 25.5, 24.9, 19.1, 11.5, 3.4, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -6, -6.2, -3.5, 0.9, 5.8, 13, 15.8, 14.9, 9.9, 3.8, -1.6, -5.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -0.8, -0.8, 3.3, 6.4, 13.2, 19.8, 20.6, 19.3, 14.4, 10.6, 1.2, -1.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 8, 9.9, 16, 21.4, 25.2, 29.4, 30.9, 30.8, 26.7, 18.5, 11.8, 8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -6.2, -9.3, -4.3, -0.9, 3.8, 9.7, 12.9, 11.3, 6.7, 2.9, -2.8, -7.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.4, 3.9, 5.4, 10.1, 13.5, 18.5, 19.3, 19.1, 15.9, 10.8, 6.6, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 16.7, 16.9, 24.4, 28.4, 28.4, 34.1, 35.7, 34.1, 30.1, 24.7, 15.3, 13 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -19, -15.3, -6.8, -5, 0.6, 5.2, 10.6, 9.2, 3.2, -0.5, -6, -12.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0.3, 0.3, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0, -0.1, -0.1, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 1.9, 1.4, 1.1, 1, 0.8, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 0.1, 0, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, 0.1, 1.1, 2, 2.9, 3.5, 3.8, 3.9, 3.8, 3.3, 2.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1.2, 0.9, 0.7, 0.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2, 1.7, 1.3, 1.1, 1.1, 2, 3.5, 5.1, 6.4, 7.5, 8.3, 8.7, 9, 8.8, 8.3, 7, 5.7, 4.9, 4.3, 3.8, 3.4, 3, 6.4, 6.2, 5.8, 5.5, 5.1, 5, 5.7, 7, 8.5, 9.9, 11.2, 12.1, 12.7, 12.9, 13.1, 13, 12.7, 12, 10.7, 9.4, 8.7, 8, 7.4, 6.9, 10.9, 10.6, 9.8, 9.4, 9.1, 9.6, 11, 12.6, 14.2, 15.6, 16.7, 17.5, 18, 18, 18, 18.1, 17.9, 17.4, 16.5, 15, 13.7, 12.9, 12.2, 11.6, 16, 15.6, 14.8, 14.4, 14.3, 15.3, 16.7, 18.3, 19.9, 21.2, 22.2, 23, 23.5, 23.3, 23.5, 23.4, 23.3, 22.8, 22.1, 20.7, 19.1, 18.2, 17.4, 16.8, 18, 17.7, 17, 16.7, 16.4, 17.1, 18.3, 19.6, 21, 22.3, 23.4, 24.2, 24.7, 24.5, 24.7, 24.7, 24.4, 24.1, 23.3, 22, 20.6, 19.8, 19.1, 18.5, 17.4, 17.1, 16.4, 16, 15.7, 15.8, 16.8, 18.2, 19.8, 21.3, 22.5, 23.4, 24.1, 24, 24.1, 24.1, 23.8, 23.2, 22.1, 20.5, 19.5, 18.9, 18.2, 17.7, 13.7, 13.4, 12.8, 12.4, 12.1, 11.9, 12.2, 13.5, 15.1, 16.7, 18.1, 19.1, 19.8, 20, 20.2, 20, 19.5, 18.5, 17, 16.1, 15.5, 14.9, 14.4, 13.9, 8.6, 8.5, 8.1, 8, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 8.1, 9.2, 10.5, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4, 13.6, 13.7, 13.4, 12.5, 11.4, 10.8, 10.4, 10, 9.6, 9.3, 9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 6, 6.2, 6.1, 5.7, 4.9, 4.6, 4.4, 4.2, 4, 3.9, 3.7, 3.7, 0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.9, 1.5, 2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.3, 2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1, 1, 0.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 85, 75, 61, 66, 58, 54, 59, 58, 54, 67, 81, 87 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 14.8, 11.2, 10.4, 12, 9.4, 10.4, 13.6, 13, 8, 11.4, 9.2, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 134, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1, 1, 0.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 0.2, 1.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.8, 2.8, 4.2, 1.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 1.4, 3, 13.6, 21.2, 29.4, 24.8, 22.4, 24.6, 29.8, 28.6, 10.8, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.8, 3.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 23.6, 16.8, 13.8, 12.4, 10.2, 8.6, 9.8, 9.8, 10.2, 13.6, 19.6, 23.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.8, 2.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 6, 2, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:54:23.761Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=52.22977&longitude=21.01178&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1860, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "31,661 works by 359 institutions in Warsaw" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 51, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Warsaw Chopin Airport (WAW), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "WAW, WMI, RDO" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2023-10-15", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://sejmsenat2023.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/pl/dane_w_arkuszach", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Sejm, 15 Oct 2023, with ParlGov party positions: Law and Justice 35.4% (7.7), Civic Coalition 30.7% (4.9, members' average), Third Way 14.4% (no position), The Left 8.6% (3.1, members' average), Confederation 7.2% (8.1, members' average), Nonpartisan Local Government Activists 1.9% (no position). Parties with a position took 82% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 64, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 88, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 33.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.03, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.85, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/POL/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 54.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.8, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 326, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "krakow-pl": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/zdrowie/wytyczne-dla-lekarzy-i-podmiotow-leczniczych-ws-dostepu-do-procedury-przerwania-ciazy", "note": "Only when the pregnancy threatens the woman's life or health, mental health included, or when it may result from a crime (Ustawa z dnia 7 stycznia 1993 r., art. 4a, after the Constitutional Tribunal's judgment K 1/20 of 22 October 2020; Ministry of Health guidance of 2024; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 33, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 1, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm10.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2110", "note": "No marriage or partnership in Polish law; a 'closest person' bill passed by Parliament in 2026 was vetoed by the President on 17 July 2026, and the Sejm did not override the veto on 17 September 2026. Under the EU Court of Justice's judgment in C-713/23 (25 November 2025), Poland must recognise a same-sex marriage its citizens lawfully concluded in another EU country (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 41.2, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Małopolskie (PL21), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 22.06, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Kraków", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.06, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Kraków", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 1.7, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Kraków", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Kraków; 15 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 478, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 53, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1235 m at 49.63, 19.62; the centre sits at about 219 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.5, "note": "Krakow urban centre (723,413 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.5 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 7.6 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 11.1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Krak%C3%B3w%22&per_page=1", "note": "9,031 accounts whose location names \"Kraków\", over 816,614 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/family/the-duration-of-annual-leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "20 days, 26 after 10 years of work, which counts up to 8 years of education (Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy: duration of annual leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 38, 54, 90, 132, 184, 188, 201, 186, 124, 97, 45, 28 ], "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.564Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12566.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Krakow, 10 km away at 237 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1367, "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.564Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12566.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Krakow, 10 km away at 237 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 38.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 34,500 tests (Krakow, PL-12)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.579Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/PL", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 9916, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 7545, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 3125, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 7545, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.629Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/POL.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 40.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.515Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 8.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.515Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 3.5, 6, 10.4, 13.5, 18.7, 24.3, 25.4, 24.8, 20.4, 15.1, 7.7, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -2.2, -1.6, 0.3, 3.9, 8.3, 13.7, 15.8, 15.2, 11.5, 6.5, 1.7, -1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -0.7, 1.8, 6.6, 10.5, 17.1, 24.4, 25.9, 25.5, 19.5, 12.9, 4.6, -0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -6.6, -5.8, -3.4, 0.7, 5.9, 13.1, 15.7, 15.2, 10.2, 3.9, -1.8, -5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -1.1, -1.1, 3.5, 5, 12.9, 19.7, 20.8, 19, 13.8, 10.3, 1.3, -1.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 9.7, 12.1, 16.5, 21.6, 24.3, 29.4, 30.5, 30, 26.8, 20.3, 13.6, 8.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -7.3, -8.9, -4.5, -0.8, 4.3, 9.5, 12.8, 11.7, 7.3, 2.1, -2.7, -5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.3, 4.4, 5.8, 9.6, 11.9, 17.9, 18.9, 18.4, 15.4, 10.6, 6.3, 2.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.9, 18.2, 24.2, 27.9, 28.4, 34.3, 35.1, 32.8, 31, 25.8, 17.5, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -17.4, -15.5, -6.7, -5.3, 1.9, 6.6, 10.3, 8, 4.4, -1.6, -7.6, -14.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0, 0.1, 0.1, 0, -0.3, -0.3, -0.3, -0.4, -0.4, 0.5, 1.3, 2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.7, 2.3, 1.4, 0.9, 0.6, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, -0.1, -0.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 2.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.8, 5.3, 5.4, 5.2, 4.5, 3.2, 2.5, 2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.9, 0.8, 2.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 2.3, 4.1, 5.8, 7.2, 8.4, 9.3, 9.8, 9.9, 9.8, 9.2, 7.7, 6, 5, 4.3, 3.7, 3.3, 3, 6.1, 5.8, 5.6, 5.2, 4.9, 4.8, 5.7, 7.1, 8.6, 9.9, 11, 11.9, 12.5, 12.8, 12.9, 12.8, 12.5, 11.8, 10.4, 9, 8.1, 7.6, 7, 6.5, 10.5, 10.1, 9.7, 9.3, 8.9, 9.5, 10.9, 12.4, 13.9, 15.3, 16.4, 17.2, 17.8, 17.9, 17.9, 17.8, 17.5, 17, 16, 14.5, 13.4, 12.6, 11.9, 11.2, 15.8, 15.3, 14.7, 14.3, 14.1, 15.1, 16.4, 17.9, 19.4, 20.8, 21.9, 22.8, 23.3, 23.4, 23.4, 23.4, 23.1, 22.7, 21.9, 20.5, 19.1, 18.2, 17.3, 16.6, 17.8, 17.4, 16.9, 16.5, 16.2, 16.9, 18.1, 19.5, 20.9, 22.1, 23.1, 23.9, 24.4, 24.5, 24.4, 24.5, 24.2, 23.8, 23.1, 21.7, 20.3, 19.4, 18.8, 18.2, 17.1, 16.9, 16.3, 16, 15.8, 15.8, 16.9, 18.3, 19.7, 21.1, 22.2, 23.2, 23.8, 23.9, 24, 24, 23.8, 23.2, 22.1, 20.5, 19.6, 18.8, 18.1, 17.5, 13.4, 13.3, 12.9, 12.6, 12.3, 12, 12.4, 13.7, 15.3, 16.7, 17.9, 18.9, 19.6, 19.8, 20, 19.9, 19.4, 18.4, 17, 16.1, 15.4, 14.7, 14.1, 13.6, 8.7, 8.5, 8.2, 8.1, 8, 7.8, 7.6, 8.3, 9.7, 11.2, 12.5, 13.5, 14.3, 14.6, 14.8, 14.4, 13.3, 11.8, 10.9, 10.4, 9.9, 9.5, 9.1, 8.8, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.2, 3.8, 4.8, 5.7, 6.5, 7, 7.3, 7.2, 6.7, 5.6, 5, 4.6, 4.3, 4, 3.8, 3.6, 3.4, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.3, 0.9, 1.7, 2.3, 2.8, 3, 3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.4, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 80, 74, 62, 70, 63, 55, 58, 55, 58, 64, 76, 84 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 13.4, 11.2, 12.6, 13.4, 12.2, 10.2, 14.6, 13.6, 12.2, 9.8, 10.2, 10.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 144, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 1.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 2.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.4, 1.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 3.4, 6.8, 16.8, 20.6, 29.2, 24.4, 19.6, 21.6, 29.8, 29, 12.4, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4.2, 4.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 19.8, 16.4, 14, 14.4, 12, 7.2, 8.8, 9.6, 10.6, 11.8, 16.8, 21.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 3.8, 2.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 6.2, 2.6, 1.8, 2.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:56:05.079Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=50.06143&longitude=19.93658&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2401, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "19,603 works by 90 institutions in Krakow" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 56, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Kraków John Paul II International Airport (KRK), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "KRK, KTW" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2023-10-15", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://sejmsenat2023.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/pl/dane_w_arkuszach", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Sejm, 15 Oct 2023, with ParlGov party positions: Law and Justice 35.4% (7.7), Civic Coalition 30.7% (4.9, members' average), Third Way 14.4% (no position), The Left 8.6% (3.1, members' average), Confederation 7.2% (8.1, members' average), Nonpartisan Local Government Activists 1.9% (no position). Parties with a position took 82% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 33.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.03, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PL/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.85, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/POL/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 54.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.8, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 326, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "budapest-hu": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=99200079.tv", "note": "To 12 weeks when the woman is in serious crisis (physical or mental shock, or social hardship), which she certifies by signing her request (1992. évi LXXIX. törvény a magzati élet védelméről, 5., 6. és 12. §; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 20, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 2, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a0900029.tv", "note": "Registered partnership: Act XXIX of 2009, § 1; the Fundamental Law, Art. L, defines marriage as between a man and a woman (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 59.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Budapest (HU11), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 22.65, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Budapest (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.23, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Budapest (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 8.17, "period": "2012", "level": "city", "note": "Budapest (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 13.1, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Budapest (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 45.4, "period": "2016", "level": "city", "note": "Budapest (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 412, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 127, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1141 m at 48.60, 18.62; the centre sits at about 122 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.4, "note": "Budapest urban centre (1,743,875 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.4 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 10.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 8.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Budapest%22&per_page=1", "note": "14,903 accounts whose location names \"Budapest\", over 1,741,041 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2012-1-00-00", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "20 working days, plus days by age from 25 (National Legislation Database: Labour Code (Mt.) §§ 116-117)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 71, 98, 128, 183, 235, 242, 286, 261, 195, 143, 79, 56 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.688Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12840.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Budapest Met Center, 2 km away at 129 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1977, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.688Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/12840.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Budapest Met Center, 2 km away at 129 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 87.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 52,042 tests (Budapest, HU-BU)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.601Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/HU", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 240504, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 401544, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 240504, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 401544, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 240504, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 401544, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.691Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/HUN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 75.9, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.576Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.576Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 5.6, 8.3, 12.6, 16.1, 21, 27.5, 29.5, 28.7, 23.2, 16.9, 9.2, 4.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -1, 0, 2.1, 5.8, 11.1, 16.4, 18.5, 17.6, 13.3, 7.7, 2.5, -0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 1.6, 4.5, 9.1, 13.4, 19.9, 27.8, 29.8, 29.1, 22.4, 14.7, 6.5, 1.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -4.9, -3.6, -1.3, 2.9, 9.4, 16.4, 18.8, 18, 12.5, 5.5, -0.6, -3.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 1.2, 2.3, 7, 9, 15.4, 22.4, 24.6, 22.8, 16.3, 12.9, 4.6, 1.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.3, 13.8, 18.7, 23.6, 25.6, 32, 34.1, 34.3, 28.9, 21.3, 13.7, 8.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -5.5, -5.4, -2.9, 0.7, 7.8, 12.5, 15, 13.3, 8.9, 3, -1.3, -3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 3.7, 5.2, 7.3, 10.9, 14.5, 20.1, 21.9, 21.1, 17.1, 11.6, 7.2, 3.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 13.9, 17.7, 22.7, 28.2, 30.1, 38.2, 37.8, 37.2, 32.3, 25.7, 20, 14.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -8.1, -8.9, -5.7, -2.6, 3.8, 8.7, 12.9, 9.8, 4.9, -0.2, -3.8, -6.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6, 1.8, 3, 4, 4.8, 5, 5, 4.6, 3.4, 2.4, 2, 1.7, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 0.9, 2.1, 2.1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.5, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 2, 3.5, 5.1, 6.3, 7.2, 7.6, 7.9, 7.7, 7, 5.3, 4.3, 3.7, 3.3, 3, 2.6, 2.4, 4.1, 4.2, 3.9, 3.6, 3.2, 2.9, 2.8, 3.8, 5.7, 7.6, 9.1, 10.4, 11.3, 11.9, 12.1, 12.1, 11.7, 10.4, 8.4, 7.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.2, 4.7, 7.9, 7.8, 7.3, 7, 6.7, 6.5, 7.3, 8.8, 10.6, 12.2, 13.5, 14.5, 15.1, 15.3, 15.4, 15.4, 15, 14.3, 12.9, 11.3, 10.3, 9.6, 9, 8.5, 13, 12.7, 12.2, 11.8, 11.6, 11.9, 13.1, 14.6, 16.2, 17.6, 18.7, 19.5, 20.1, 20.2, 20.2, 20.1, 19.9, 19.4, 18.4, 16.8, 15.7, 14.8, 14.2, 13.6, 18.8, 18.4, 17.4, 17, 16.6, 17.4, 18.9, 20.6, 22.2, 23.6, 24.8, 25.8, 26.5, 26.6, 26.7, 26.8, 26.6, 26.2, 25.4, 24, 22.3, 21.3, 20.4, 19.7, 21.1, 20.5, 19.7, 19.2, 18.8, 19.3, 20.6, 22.3, 24, 25.5, 26.7, 27.7, 28.5, 28.6, 28.8, 28.8, 28.5, 28, 27.3, 25.7, 24.1, 23.2, 22.3, 21.7, 20.1, 19.8, 18.9, 18.5, 18.1, 17.9, 19, 20.8, 22.7, 24.5, 25.9, 26.9, 27.7, 27.8, 28, 28, 27.7, 27.1, 25.9, 24.2, 23, 22, 21.3, 20.7, 15.6, 15.4, 14.7, 14.3, 14, 13.8, 14.1, 15.6, 17.3, 18.9, 20.4, 21.5, 22.3, 22.4, 22.6, 22.5, 22.1, 21.1, 19.2, 18.3, 17.5, 16.9, 16.3, 15.8, 9.8, 9.6, 9.1, 9, 8.9, 8.6, 8.4, 9.1, 10.7, 12.4, 14, 15.2, 16, 16.3, 16.5, 16.2, 15.3, 13.6, 12.6, 11.9, 11.3, 10.8, 10.4, 10.1, 4.3, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.7, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 7.8, 8.5, 8.7, 8.8, 8.5, 7.2, 6.3, 5.8, 5.3, 5, 4.8, 4.5, 4.2, 1.2, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 1.1, 1.9, 2.8, 3.6, 4.3, 4.5, 4.4, 3.9, 2.9, 2.4, 2.1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 65, 60, 56, 60, 61, 45, 43, 44, 48, 56, 70, 77 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 8.2, 7, 7.8, 10, 11.8, 6.2, 7.6, 9.4, 9, 6, 9.2, 9.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 101, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 3.2, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 1, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 1, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 2.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 1.6, 2, 2, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 0, 1.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.8, 1.8, 2, 1.2, 2.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 1.4, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 1.4, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 2.4, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 8.8, 8, 8.6, 4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 7, 11.6, 21.4, 25.8, 30, 18, 13, 16.2, 29, 30.4, 16.6, 4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 4.2, 3.8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 14.4, 11.8, 11.4, 10.8, 11.8, 4.6, 3.8, 5.6, 7.4, 10.8, 15, 19 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 8.2, 6.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.8, 11, 9.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:57:46.232Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.49835&longitude=19.04045&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1383, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "24,087 works by 303 institutions in Budapest" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 46, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport (BUD), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BUD, Győr-Pér Airport" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 47, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 63, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 27.4, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/HU/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.46, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/HU/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/HU/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/HUN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 57.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.72, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 76.7, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 327, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "lisbon-pt": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.sns24.gov.pt/tema/saude-da-mulher/interrupcao-voluntaria-da-gravidez/", "note": "On request to 10 weeks (10 weeks and 6 days after the last period), after a wait of at least 3 days (Lei n.º 16/2007; Código Penal, art. 142.º; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 27, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/9-2010-332190", "note": "Marriage: Lei n.º 9/2010 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 43.3, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Grande Lisboa (PT1A), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 33.76, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 33.24, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 49.3, "period": "2015", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.18, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 17.3, "period": "2021", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 8.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Lisboa (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 8.6%, by bicycle 0.2%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frclisbon" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 2, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 172, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1089 m at 40.07, -8.16; the centre sits at about 65 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 10.7, "note": "Lisbon urban centre (1,974,574 people, 2025): nearest edge 10.7 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 13.4 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 40.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Lisbon%22&per_page=1", "note": "20,871 accounts whose location names \"Lisbon\" or \"Lisboa\", over 517,802 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 22, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/lei/2009-34546475", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "22 working days (Código do Trabalho, art. 238)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 156, 177, 215, 248, 294, 326, 350, 337, 255, 203, 159, 147 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.726Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/08535.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Lisboa / Geof, 1 km away at 77 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2869, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.726Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/08535.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Lisboa / Geof, 1 km away at 77 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 38, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 333 days, 569,004 tests (Lisbon, PT-11)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.621Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/PT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5676, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 5676, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2293, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 1624, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 1909, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 1159, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.760Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 22.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.608Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 14.5, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.608Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 15.2, 16.6, 17.6, 20.4, 23.4, 25.9, 29, 29.1, 25.8, 23.9, 18.5, 15.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 9.1, 9.9, 10.5, 12.4, 14.3, 16.6, 18.1, 18.5, 17.2, 16.4, 12.3, 10.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 13.1, 14.8, 16.1, 20, 23.6, 27, 30.4, 30.5, 26.3, 23.9, 17.5, 14.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 6.7, 7.6, 8.2, 10.8, 13, 16.3, 18, 18.7, 17.1, 16.1, 10.9, 8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 11.9, 13.9, 14.3, 16.6, 18.7, 21.3, 24.4, 25, 22.4, 20, 15.8, 13.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 18, 19, 21.7, 25.9, 28.5, 31.4, 34.3, 33.8, 29.7, 29, 21, 18.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 5, 7.5, 8, 9.9, 11.9, 14.6, 16, 16.8, 15, 13.8, 8.9, 6.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 13.3, 12.9, 13, 14.8, 16.8, 19.2, 19.9, 20.5, 19.3, 18.8, 15.5, 14.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 19.5, 22.4, 26.2, 30.7, 35.5, 40.7, 38.7, 39.3, 34.4, 32.1, 22.8, 20.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 1.5, 3.9, 3.5, 7.3, 9.3, 12.9, 12.9, 15.3, 12.5, 11.5, 6.4, 5.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 11, 10.8, 10.6, 10.5, 10.3, 10.3, 10.2, 10, 9.9, 10.8, 11.8, 12.7, 13.5, 14.3, 14.8, 14.9, 14.7, 13.8, 12.6, 12.1, 11.8, 11.6, 11.3, 11, 11.7, 11.5, 11.2, 11, 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, 10.6, 10.7, 11.8, 12.9, 14, 14.8, 15.7, 16.2, 16.3, 16.1, 15.4, 14, 13.1, 12.5, 12.1, 11.9, 11.6, 12.1, 12, 11.9, 11.7, 11.5, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 12.2, 13.4, 14.4, 15.5, 16.1, 16.8, 17.2, 17.1, 16.7, 16.1, 15.1, 13.8, 13.2, 12.8, 12.5, 12.2, 14, 13.7, 13.5, 13.4, 13.2, 13.1, 13, 13.7, 15, 16.2, 17.3, 18.4, 19, 19.8, 20, 19.9, 19.4, 18.7, 17.6, 16.2, 15.2, 14.7, 14.4, 14.1, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 15, 14.8, 14.7, 14.9, 16.3, 17.7, 19.2, 20.6, 21.8, 22.3, 22.9, 23, 22.8, 22.2, 21.1, 19.9, 18.5, 17.3, 16.7, 16.3, 16, 18, 17.6, 17.4, 17.3, 17.1, 16.9, 17.4, 18.6, 20.1, 21.6, 23, 24.2, 24.8, 25.4, 25.5, 25.2, 24.5, 23.5, 22.3, 21, 19.6, 18.9, 18.4, 18.1, 19.6, 19.2, 19.1, 18.8, 18.6, 18.5, 18.7, 19.9, 21.6, 23.5, 25.3, 26.8, 27.7, 28.5, 28.6, 28.3, 27.4, 26.2, 24.8, 23.1, 21.4, 20.7, 20.2, 19.9, 20, 19.6, 19.3, 19.2, 19, 18.9, 18.8, 19.6, 21.2, 23.2, 25.2, 26.8, 27.9, 28.7, 28.8, 28.4, 27.5, 26.2, 24.6, 22.8, 21.4, 20.8, 20.4, 20.1, 18.8, 18.5, 18.3, 18.1, 17.9, 17.8, 17.7, 18, 19.3, 21, 22.5, 23.7, 24.6, 25.2, 25.5, 25.2, 24.6, 23.5, 22, 20.5, 19.8, 19.4, 19.1, 18.8, 18.1, 17.9, 17.8, 17.6, 17.4, 17.2, 17.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.5, 20.7, 21.9, 22.7, 23.3, 23.5, 23.3, 22.7, 21.6, 20.1, 19.3, 18.9, 18.5, 18.3, 18.1, 14.1, 14, 13.9, 13.7, 13.6, 13.4, 13.3, 13.2, 13.5, 14.7, 15.7, 16.6, 17.3, 17.9, 18.2, 18.1, 17.7, 16.5, 15.5, 15, 14.6, 14.4, 14.2, 14, 12.3, 12.1, 11.9, 11.8, 11.6, 11.5, 11.4, 11.3, 11.2, 12, 13, 14, 14.5, 15.2, 15.6, 15.6, 15.3, 14.2, 13.5, 13.1, 12.9, 12.6, 12.4, 12.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 54, 59, 60, 53, 44, 38, 23, 25, 39, 55, 56, 58 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 7.8, 8.4, 11.4, 9.4, 2.6, 4.6, 0.6, 0, 5.8, 10.4, 10, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 82, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 2.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 2, 1, 2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 2, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 2, 1, 2.2, 1, 1.8, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 3.4, 3, 2.4, 3.2, 3.6, 1.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 2, 2.6, 4.8, 3.2, 3.2, 2.4, 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 2.4, 1.4, 1.8, 2.6, 2.2, 1.4, 2.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 2.2, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.4, 2.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2, 2.4, 2, 2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 2.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2, 1, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 2, 2.6, 2.6, 1, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1, 1, 2.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 2.6, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.4, 1.4, 2, 1.4, 2.8, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 1.8, 2.6, 2.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 4, 4.4, 3.8, 2.8, 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 3.2, 5.8, 4.2, 3.6, 2, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2.2, 1.6, 3.4, 3.4, 3.2, 2.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 2, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2.4, 0.6, 3, 2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 2.2, 1, 3.4, 2.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2.6, 6.4, 18.2, 16.6, 6.4, 3.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 29, 27.2, 29.6, 29, 30.6, 27.6, 24.4, 26.8, 26, 29.6, 28.6, 30 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2.2, 4, 3.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 11, 10.6, 10.6, 8, 5.4, 3, 0.8, 0, 3.4, 11.4, 10.6, 11.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 3, 4, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 5.2, 11.2, 9.6, 2, 0.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:59:27.508Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=38.72509&longitude=-9.1498&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 7815, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "40,468 works by 712 institutions in Lisbon" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 76, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport (LIS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LIS, CAT" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025-05-18", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2025/assets/static/territory-results/territory-results-GLOBAL-990000-AR.json", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Assembly of the Republic, 18 May 2025, with ParlGov party positions: AD (PSD, CDS) 33.2% (7.2, members' average), PS 23.8% (4), Chega 23.7% (8.7, party-family average), Iniciativa Liberal 5.6% (6, party-family average), Livre 4.2% (3.3, party-family average), CDU (PCP, PEV) 3% (2.2). Parties with a position took 97% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 134, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 145, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 25.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 5.85, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.77, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/PRT/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 64.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.72, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 838, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "porto-pt": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.sns24.gov.pt/tema/saude-da-mulher/interrupcao-voluntaria-da-gravidez/", "note": "On request to 10 weeks (10 weeks and 6 days after the last period), after a wait of at least 3 days (Lei n.º 16/2007; Código Penal, art. 142.º; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 27, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/9-2010-332190", "note": "Marriage: Lei n.º 9/2010 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 29.8, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Norte (PT11), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 22.16, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 25.21, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 36, "period": "2015", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.22, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 7.6, "period": "2021", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 11.3, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Porto (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 11.1%, by bicycle 0.3%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcporto" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 3, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 45, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1120 m at 41.02, -8.11; the centre sits at about 82 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 7, "note": "Porto urban centre (1,060,250 people, 2025): nearest edge 7 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 10.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 45.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Porto%22&per_page=1", "note": "11,532 accounts whose location names \"Porto\", over 252,687 residents; less 11,844 naming Porto Alegre and 791 naming Porto Velho and 83 naming Porto-Novo" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 22, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/lei/2009-34546475", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "22 working days (Código do Trabalho, art. 238)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 147, 163, 198, 233, 259, 281, 304, 287, 229, 166, 142, 121 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.767Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/08546.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Porto / Serra Do Pilar, 2 km away at 93 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2529, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.767Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/08546.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Porto / Serra Do Pilar, 2 km away at 93 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 42.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 332 days, 230,496 tests (Porto, PT-13)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.621Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/PT", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 5676, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 5676, "period": "2025", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2293, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 1624, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 1909, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 1159, "period": "2025", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.827Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/PRT.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 22.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.608Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 14.5, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.608Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 13.9, 15.6, 16.2, 18.5, 20, 22.4, 24.6, 24.6, 22.8, 21.1, 17, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 7.7, 8.6, 9.1, 10.9, 12.6, 15.3, 16.5, 16.6, 15.6, 14.7, 11.1, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 11.6, 13.5, 14.4, 18.1, 20.2, 23.7, 26, 25.9, 23.2, 21, 15.6, 12.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 4.2, 5.5, 6.3, 8.7, 11.2, 15.3, 16.7, 17.2, 15.1, 13.6, 9, 6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 10.9, 13.3, 13, 14.9, 16.1, 18.8, 20.5, 21.6, 19.6, 18.1, 14, 12.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 16.3, 18.8, 20.2, 23.6, 24.8, 27.2, 32, 29, 26, 25.4, 20.3, 16.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 2.4, 5.7, 6, 7.8, 10.1, 12.9, 14.1, 14.7, 12.8, 11.6, 6.9, 5.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 12.4, 11, 12.2, 13.7, 15.6, 17.8, 19.9, 18.4, 18.1, 17.3, 14.7, 13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 21.4, 22.9, 27.9, 27.4, 31.7, 33.2, 36.4, 34.3, 32, 30.2, 22.7, 21.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 0, 2.3, 2.4, 5, 6.2, 10.2, 11.7, 12.5, 10.6, 9.2, 4.4, 0.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 9.3, 9.2, 9.2, 9, 8.9, 8.8, 8.7, 8.6, 8.5, 9.1, 10.5, 11.9, 12.8, 13.4, 13.6, 13.6, 13.2, 12.1, 11, 10.5, 10.1, 9.8, 9.5, 9.3, 10.3, 10.3, 10.2, 10, 9.9, 9.7, 9.6, 9.4, 9.5, 10.7, 12.2, 13.5, 14.4, 15, 15.2, 15.1, 14.7, 13.9, 12.6, 11.8, 11.5, 11.1, 10.7, 10.4, 10.7, 10.7, 10.6, 10.4, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 9.9, 10.9, 12.3, 13.7, 14.7, 15.3, 15.7, 15.8, 15.6, 15.2, 14.6, 13.7, 12.6, 12, 11.6, 11.2, 11, 12.5, 12.3, 12.1, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.6, 12.2, 13.5, 15, 16.2, 17.1, 17.7, 18.1, 18.1, 17.8, 17.3, 16.7, 15.9, 14.7, 13.8, 13.4, 13, 12.7, 14.2, 14.1, 13.9, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 13.5, 14.6, 16.1, 17.4, 18.4, 19.1, 19.4, 19.6, 19.5, 19.2, 18.8, 18.2, 17.5, 16.6, 15.6, 15.2, 14.9, 14.5, 16.7, 16.5, 16.3, 16.1, 15.9, 15.7, 16.3, 17.5, 18.8, 20.1, 21, 21.4, 21.7, 21.8, 21.8, 21.5, 21.2, 20.6, 19.9, 19.1, 18.1, 17.6, 17.2, 16.8, 18.1, 17.9, 17.6, 17.5, 17.4, 17.2, 17.5, 18.8, 20.4, 21.9, 23, 23.7, 23.9, 24.1, 24, 23.7, 23.3, 22.6, 21.7, 20.6, 19.6, 19.1, 18.8, 18.5, 18.1, 17.7, 17.5, 17.4, 17.3, 17.2, 17.2, 18.3, 20, 21.8, 23.1, 23.8, 23.9, 24, 24, 23.7, 23.2, 22.4, 21.4, 20.2, 19.3, 19, 18.7, 18.3, 17.1, 16.9, 16.7, 16.5, 16.4, 16.2, 16.1, 16.5, 17.9, 19.5, 20.8, 21.7, 22.2, 22.4, 22.2, 21.9, 21.4, 20.6, 19.6, 18.4, 18, 17.7, 17.4, 17.2, 16.2, 16.1, 16, 15.8, 15.7, 15.6, 15.5, 15.5, 16.4, 17.8, 19, 19.9, 20.3, 20.6, 20.5, 20.2, 19.7, 18.8, 17.6, 17.1, 16.9, 16.6, 16.4, 16.2, 12.8, 12.6, 12.5, 12.4, 12.3, 12.1, 12, 11.9, 12.1, 13.2, 14.5, 15.5, 16.1, 16.4, 16.5, 16.3, 15.9, 14.9, 14.1, 13.8, 13.4, 13.1, 12.9, 12.7, 10.5, 10.4, 10.3, 10.3, 10.1, 10, 10, 9.9, 9.8, 10.4, 11.7, 12.9, 13.7, 14.2, 14.4, 14.3, 13.8, 12.6, 12, 11.6, 11.2, 11, 10.8, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 56, 60, 60, 58, 51, 51, 32, 36, 48, 61, 62, 60 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 12, 10.6, 15.2, 10.8, 10.2, 8.4, 4.2, 2, 8.4, 15, 13.8, 16.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 127, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 2.6, 1.8, 1.4, 1.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.8, 1, 1.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.8, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 1.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.8, 1.2, 1.6, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4, 1.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 1.4, 2.6, 4.6, 2, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.4, 2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 3.2, 4.2, 3.8, 1.4, 1.2, 2.2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 2.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 2, 1.8, 2.6, 2, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.4, 2.6, 1.4, 2.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2.4, 2, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 2, 2.2, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 2.8, 1, 1.2, 2, 0.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 2.8, 5.6, 3.4, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 1.8, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2.4, 5.6, 3.8, 2.4, 2.8, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 2.2, 3.6, 2.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 2, 1.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 2.2, 2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 3, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 3.8, 7.6, 7.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 26.4, 25.4, 26.4, 27.8, 29.8, 27.2, 27.2, 28.8, 28.2, 25.8, 26.6, 26.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 0.8, 2.2, 1.8, 0.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 12.4, 11.8, 11.6, 10, 7, 6.4, 3, 1.4, 6.4, 12.6, 12.6, 14.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 4.4, 2.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.8, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:01:09.975Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.1485&longitude=-8.61097&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 9634, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "24,345 works by 232 institutions in Porto" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 80, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport (OPO), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "OPO, VRL, VSE" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025-05-18", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2025/assets/static/territory-results/territory-results-GLOBAL-990000-AR.json", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Assembly of the Republic, 18 May 2025, with ParlGov party positions: AD (PSD, CDS) 33.2% (7.2, members' average), PS 23.8% (4), Chega 23.7% (8.7, party-family average), Iniciativa Liberal 5.6% (6, party-family average), Livre 4.2% (3.3, party-family average), CDU (PCP, PEV) 3% (2.2). Parties with a position took 97% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 59, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 63, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 25.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 5.85, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/PT/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.77, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/PRT/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 64.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.72, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 838, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "madrid-es": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-3514", "note": "On request to 14 weeks (Ley Orgánica 2/2010, art. 14, as amended by Ley Orgánica 1/2023; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 24, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364", "note": "Marriage: Ley 13/2005 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 50, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Comunidad de Madrid (ES30), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 31.21, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.15, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 10.87, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 26.1, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 1.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; 57 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.4, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Madrid (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 303, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 43, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1804 m at 40.78, -3.86; the centre sits at about 666 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.8, "note": "Madrid urban centre (5,680,137 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.8 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 12.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 13.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Madrid%22&per_page=1", "note": "43,076 accounts whose location names \"Madrid\", over 3,255,944 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-11430", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement (Estatuto de los Trabajadores, art. 38)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 55.8, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,517,524 tests (Madrid, ES-MD)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.642Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/ES", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in ES-MD" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.881Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 10.5, 14.2, 15.7, 19.8, 24.5, 30.2, 34.7, 34.6, 26.5, 22.3, 14.6, 11.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.5, 3.2, 5.3, 7.8, 11.7, 17.2, 20.2, 20.7, 14.9, 11.9, 6.2, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 7.4, 11.1, 12.5, 17.7, 22.7, 29.1, 33.4, 33.5, 25.2, 20.5, 12.3, 9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2, 0.1, 2.2, 5.1, 9.5, 16.1, 18.7, 19.4, 13.8, 10.2, 3.6, 0.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 6.4, 10.4, 10.5, 14.1, 17.8, 23.8, 30.7, 29.5, 21.7, 16.8, 10.8, 8.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 14.7, 17.5, 22.1, 26.4, 30.9, 36.7, 38.6, 38.7, 31.4, 28.1, 17.9, 14.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.5, -0.4, 2, 4, 8, 13.1, 16.8, 16.6, 10.7, 7.9, 1.9, -0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.9, 7.1, 8.7, 10.6, 16.2, 21.6, 23.5, 24.2, 18.6, 14.9, 10.4, 7.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 18.3, 20.8, 26.2, 32.1, 34.9, 40.3, 41.3, 41.5, 35.4, 31.1, 22.6, 15.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -11.1, -4.4, -3.9, -1.6, 5.1, 10.9, 12.8, 13.5, 7.3, 3.4, -1.3, -1.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.7, 3.7, 3.6, 3.2, 2.9, 2.7, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.4, 3.9, 5.6, 7.2, 8.5, 9.4, 10.1, 10.2, 9.8, 8.2, 7, 6.2, 5.4, 4.8, 4.2, 6.6, 6.1, 5.8, 5.3, 4.8, 4.4, 4.1, 3.8, 3.5, 4.3, 6.3, 8.4, 10.3, 11.8, 13, 13.7, 14, 13.8, 12.8, 10.9, 9.8, 8.8, 8, 7.3, 8.5, 8.1, 7.8, 7.3, 6.8, 6.4, 6, 5.7, 5.9, 7.3, 9.1, 10.8, 12.3, 13.5, 14.5, 15, 15.2, 15, 14.4, 13.1, 11.6, 10.8, 10, 9.3, 11.7, 11, 10.6, 9.9, 9.2, 8.7, 8.2, 8.1, 9.3, 11.2, 13.2, 15, 16.6, 17.6, 18.6, 19.2, 19.4, 19.2, 18.8, 17.7, 15.9, 14.7, 13.6, 12.7, 16, 15.1, 14.4, 13.6, 12.9, 12.3, 11.8, 12.3, 14, 16, 18, 19.8, 21.4, 22.3, 23.2, 23.8, 24.1, 24, 23.4, 22.6, 21.1, 19.5, 18.3, 17.2, 21.7, 20.8, 20.1, 19.3, 18.5, 17.8, 17.3, 18, 19.6, 21.6, 23.5, 25.4, 27.1, 28.1, 28.8, 29.3, 29.6, 29.5, 28.9, 28.1, 26.8, 25.1, 23.8, 22.7, 26.2, 25, 23.7, 22.7, 21.8, 21, 20.3, 20.7, 22.4, 24.6, 26.9, 29.1, 31, 32.2, 33.3, 34.1, 34.4, 34.5, 34.1, 33.4, 32.1, 30.3, 28.9, 27.6, 26.6, 25.4, 24.3, 23.3, 22.5, 21.7, 21, 20.8, 22.3, 24.4, 26.7, 28.8, 30.8, 32.2, 33.3, 34, 34.3, 34.2, 33.9, 33, 31.5, 30, 28.8, 27.6, 18.9, 18.4, 17.7, 17, 16.4, 15.9, 15.4, 15, 15.9, 17.7, 19.7, 21.6, 23.2, 24.3, 25.3, 25.9, 26.1, 26, 25.4, 23.9, 22.5, 21.4, 20.4, 19.5, 15.4, 14.9, 14.4, 13.9, 13.4, 12.9, 12.6, 12.3, 12.4, 14, 15.9, 17.8, 19.5, 20.4, 21.3, 21.9, 22, 21.6, 20.6, 19.1, 18.1, 17.3, 16.5, 15.9, 8.5, 8.3, 8.2, 7.8, 7.5, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 6.9, 7.6, 9.1, 10.7, 12.1, 13.2, 14, 14.3, 14.2, 13.6, 11.9, 11, 10.3, 9.6, 9.1, 8.7, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, 4.4, 4.4, 4.3, 4.4, 5.7, 7.1, 8.5, 9.7, 10.6, 11.1, 11.2, 10.5, 9, 8.2, 7.6, 7, 6.5, 6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 54, 52, 63, 53, 48, 42, 13, 20, 42, 56, 59, 59 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 7.2, 6, 11.6, 8, 6.4, 5.6, 0.4, 1.8, 6.4, 8.8, 6.4, 7.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 76, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 2.2, 1, 2, 2.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 3.2, 3.4, 2.4, 2.6, 4.8, 2.8, 3, 1.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 2.8, 3, 2.8, 3.4, 3.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1.8, 2.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 1, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 2.6, 2.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 2.4, 2.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 2, 2, 2.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 2, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 2, 2.8, 3.8, 3.2, 3.6, 3.6, 3.6, 1.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 2, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 3, 3, 3.2, 2.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 2, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.6, 2.2, 1.8, 2.2, 2.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 6.8, 19.2, 14, 4.2, 1, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 21.6, 26.2, 25.6, 29.6, 30.8, 27, 25.4, 21.6, 29.2, 30.6, 28.4, 28 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 9.4, 8.4, 13.6, 8.8, 6, 4.6, 0.8, 1, 5.8, 10.2, 10.8, 11.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6.6, 18, 19, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 10, 19.6, 20.8, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:02:51.803Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.4165&longitude=-3.70256&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2812, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "91,546 works by 567 institutions in Madrid" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 58, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport (MAD), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MAD" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 42, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 94, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 161, 184, 220, 247, 293, 332, 372, 344, 256, 208, 165, 147 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.769Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at MADRIDCUATROVIENTOS, 8 km away at 690 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2929, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.769Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at MADRIDCUATROVIENTOS, 8 km away at 690 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 35.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.29, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 10.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.65, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ESP/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 648, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "barcelona-es": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-3514", "note": "On request to 14 weeks (Ley Orgánica 2/2010, art. 14, as amended by Ley Orgánica 1/2023; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 24, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364", "note": "Marriage: Ley 13/2005 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 46.9, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Cataluña (ES51), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 24.29, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 27.18, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.16, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 30.9, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 45.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 15.9, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Barcelona (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area; on foot 14.2%, by bicycle 1.7%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcbarcelona" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 4, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 38, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1098 m at 41.61, 1.81; the centre sits at about 36 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.1, "note": "Barcelona urban centre (3,908,362 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.1 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 9.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 23.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Barcelona%22&per_page=1", "note": "39,707 accounts whose location names \"Barcelona\", over 1,686,208 residents; the count includes the few naming Barcelona in Venezuela (1% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-11430", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement (Estatuto de los Trabajadores, art. 38)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 60, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 623,616 tests (Barcelona, ES-CT)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.661Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/ES", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in ES-CT" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.942Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 13.9, 15.2, 16, 18.1, 21.4, 26.8, 28.8, 29.2, 25.6, 22.6, 18, 15.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 4.6, 6.3, 8.4, 9.8, 13.6, 19.4, 21.4, 21.6, 18.1, 15.2, 9.8, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 11.3, 13, 13.8, 16.7, 21.6, 28.2, 30.9, 31.8, 26.9, 22.9, 16.4, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 1.3, 3.7, 6.1, 8.1, 13.2, 20.8, 23.7, 23.9, 19.2, 15.2, 7.8, 3.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 10.1, 12.4, 13.3, 14.6, 18.3, 22.8, 25.8, 25.8, 22.5, 19.9, 14.3, 12.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 17.9, 18.3, 18.9, 21.4, 24.4, 31, 31.6, 32.7, 28.2, 25.8, 21.6, 18.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 1.1, 3.8, 5.1, 6.6, 11.2, 16.2, 19.3, 19, 14.5, 11.9, 5.7, 3.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 7.9, 9.3, 11.6, 13, 16.6, 22.1, 23.7, 23.8, 21.3, 18, 13.5, 9.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 20.2, 21.9, 26.4, 27.2, 31.5, 34.6, 37, 36.2, 30.3, 29, 26.5, 22.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 2.1, 7.9, 13.2, 17.5, 15.5, 11.1, 9.2, 3, 0.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 6.5, 6.6, 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4, 6.1, 8.1, 10.2, 11.9, 13, 13.6, 13.7, 13.3, 12.3, 10.6, 9.8, 8.9, 8, 7.3, 6.8, 8.3, 8.4, 8.1, 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.2, 7, 7, 8.4, 10.5, 12.4, 13.7, 14.5, 14.8, 14.8, 14.4, 13.8, 12.6, 11.4, 10.8, 10.1, 9.4, 8.9, 10.1, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 9.4, 9.2, 9, 8.9, 9.8, 11.6, 13.3, 14.4, 15.1, 15.3, 15.5, 15.5, 15.1, 14.6, 13.9, 12.8, 12.2, 11.6, 11.1, 10.6, 11.9, 12, 11.5, 11.1, 10.7, 10.5, 10.1, 10.8, 12.6, 14.6, 16, 16.8, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.4, 17.2, 16.7, 16, 15, 14.1, 13.6, 13.1, 12.5, 15.4, 15.3, 15, 14.6, 14.2, 13.9, 13.8, 15.2, 17, 18.7, 19.8, 20.3, 20.5, 20.6, 20.8, 20.7, 20.5, 20.1, 19.6, 18.8, 17.8, 17.2, 16.6, 16.1, 21.1, 21.1, 20.7, 20.3, 19.9, 19.5, 19.7, 21, 22.8, 24.3, 25.2, 25.6, 25.8, 26, 26.2, 26.2, 25.9, 25.5, 25, 24.3, 23.5, 22.7, 22.3, 21.8, 23.3, 23.1, 22.8, 22.4, 22, 21.6, 21.6, 22.9, 24.7, 26.1, 27.1, 27.6, 27.9, 28, 28.3, 28.2, 28, 27.6, 27, 26.3, 25.4, 24.8, 24.4, 23.9, 23.7, 23.5, 23.1, 22.8, 22.4, 22.1, 21.8, 22.5, 24.3, 26, 27.3, 28.1, 28.3, 28.5, 28.5, 28.5, 28.2, 27.9, 27.3, 26.5, 25.6, 25.2, 24.7, 24.2, 19.9, 19.9, 19.7, 19.3, 19.1, 18.8, 18.5, 18.6, 19.9, 21.6, 22.9, 24, 24.6, 24.8, 25, 24.9, 24.8, 24.3, 23.7, 22.7, 22.1, 21.5, 21, 20.3, 16.8, 17, 16.8, 16.5, 16.2, 16, 15.8, 15.7, 16.4, 18, 19.7, 20.9, 21.7, 22.1, 22.3, 22.2, 21.9, 21.3, 20.3, 19.5, 18.9, 18.3, 17.7, 17.1, 11.8, 11.9, 11.7, 11.4, 11.2, 11, 10.8, 10.6, 10.6, 11.9, 13.7, 15.4, 16.6, 17.3, 17.7, 17.6, 17.3, 16.2, 15, 14.4, 13.7, 13, 12.4, 11.9, 8.1, 8.2, 8, 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.2, 7.1, 6.9, 7.6, 9.6, 11.7, 13.3, 14.4, 15.1, 15.2, 14.7, 13.4, 12.1, 11.4, 10.4, 9.6, 9, 8.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 46, 55, 60, 55, 50, 44, 27, 34, 52, 58, 56, 51 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 3.6, 6, 9.8, 7, 9, 6, 6.2, 5.8, 10.2, 9, 7, 6.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 86, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 1, 2.6, 2.6, 1.8, 2.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 2, 2.2, 2.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 1.8, 2.2, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 1.2, 2.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 2, 1.6, 2.4, 1.4, 2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.8, 1.2, 2.6, 2.2, 1, 2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 2.6, 2.6, 3.4, 3.2, 5, 1.2, 2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 4.4, 2.8, 2.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 2.4, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 2.2, 3.4, 1.2, 1.4, 2.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 3.4, 2.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 2, 2, 2, 2.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.6, 5, 4.6, 4.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1.8, 2, 3, 3.8, 2, 2.8, 2.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 2.2, 0.6, 2.4, 2.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 2.6, 2.6, 1, 2.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 2, 2, 0.8, 2.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3.8, 2.8, 2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 9.4, 17.4, 11.6, 5, 2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 29, 27.8, 30.2, 29.6, 30.8, 11.4, 2.8, 4.4, 19.2, 29.6, 29.8, 30 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 9, 22.2, 25.4, 12.2, 3.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 7.4, 9.4, 11, 8.4, 5.4, 5, 1.4, 1.8, 7, 10, 8.8, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12.6, 24, 24.4, 7.4, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 11.8, 16.4, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:04:33.899Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.38879&longitude=2.15899&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4024, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "67,858 works by 401 institutions in Barcelona" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 65, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 12, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat Airport (BCN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BCN, GRO, REU" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 43, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 57, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 120, 147, 195, 211, 241, 250, 280, 258, 203, 163, 120, 105 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.772Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at BARCELONAAEROPUERTO, 13 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2292, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.772Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at BARCELONAAEROPUERTO, 13 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 35.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.29, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 10.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.65, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ESP/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 648, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "valencia-es": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-3514", "note": "On request to 14 weeks (Ley Orgánica 2/2010, art. 14, as amended by Ley Orgánica 1/2023; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 24, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364", "note": "Marriage: Ley 13/2005 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.1, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Comunitat Valenciana (ES52), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.14, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Valencia (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 21.3, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Valencia (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 41.1, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Valencia (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frc_valencia" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 4, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 47, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1088 m at 39.54, -0.92; the centre sits at about 22 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.2, "note": "Valencia urban centre (1,404,208 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.2 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 8.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 12.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Valencia%22&per_page=1", "note": "10,136 accounts whose location names \"Valencia\", over 824,340 residents; the count includes the few naming Valencia in Venezuela, United States (9% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-11430", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement (Estatuto de los Trabajadores, art. 38)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 45.5, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 339,773 tests (Valencia, ES-VC)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.681Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/ES", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in ES-VC" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.002Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 16.5, 17.2, 18.1, 20.3, 23.7, 28, 30.5, 31.3, 27.8, 24.5, 20.4, 17.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 7.4, 8, 9.7, 11.3, 14.9, 19.7, 22.4, 23, 19.7, 16.3, 12, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 13.4, 14.7, 15.8, 19.2, 23.6, 29.8, 33.2, 33.9, 29, 24.5, 18.3, 15.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 3.9, 5.1, 7.1, 9.4, 14.2, 20.7, 24.7, 24.9, 20.4, 15.9, 9.5, 6.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 12.5, 14, 13.7, 15.8, 20.7, 24.2, 27.6, 28.7, 24.4, 21.1, 16.6, 14 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 21.7, 21.6, 23.3, 24.4, 27.3, 31.9, 33.6, 34.3, 30.5, 27.9, 24.4, 21.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 2.8, 4.8, 6.3, 8.4, 12.4, 17.1, 20.4, 21, 16.7, 13.9, 8.1, 5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 12.6, 11.6, 12.8, 13.7, 17.4, 22.6, 25, 24.5, 22.3, 18.4, 16, 13.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 25, 25.5, 31.5, 33, 34.2, 35.8, 38.8, 42.4, 37.1, 33.8, 29.7, 25.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 0.1, 3, 2.5, 2.7, 10.7, 14.7, 17.9, 17.8, 13.7, 9.8, 4.6, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 9.4, 9.3, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 8.6, 8.4, 8.2, 8.1, 8.6, 10.5, 12.6, 14.2, 15.3, 16, 16.2, 15.9, 14.9, 13, 12.2, 11.7, 10.8, 10.3, 9.8, 10.1, 10, 9.8, 9.5, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 8.6, 8.5, 9.9, 12.1, 14.2, 15.7, 16.4, 16.9, 16.8, 16.4, 15.7, 14.4, 12.8, 12.4, 11.9, 11.1, 10.5, 11.8, 11.5, 11.3, 11, 10.7, 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10.9, 12.6, 14.5, 15.9, 16.9, 17.3, 17.6, 17.5, 17.1, 16.6, 15.8, 14.5, 13.8, 13.2, 12.8, 12.3, 13.4, 13.2, 12.9, 12.6, 12.2, 12, 11.8, 12, 13.8, 15.9, 17.5, 18.7, 19.4, 19.6, 19.6, 19.4, 19, 18.5, 17.8, 16.8, 15.7, 15.1, 14.6, 14.1, 17.2, 16.9, 16.6, 16.2, 15.8, 15.4, 15.1, 16.3, 18.3, 20.2, 21.5, 22.5, 22.9, 23.2, 23.2, 22.9, 22.6, 22.2, 21.5, 20.6, 19.4, 18.7, 18.3, 17.8, 21.8, 21.5, 21.1, 20.7, 20.3, 20, 19.8, 21.3, 23.3, 25, 26.3, 27, 27.4, 27.4, 27.5, 27.4, 27, 26.5, 25.8, 24.9, 24, 23.1, 22.7, 22.3, 24.7, 24.4, 24.2, 23.8, 23.3, 22.9, 22.6, 23.7, 25.7, 27.4, 28.7, 29.4, 29.8, 29.9, 30, 29.9, 29.6, 29.1, 28.4, 27.5, 26.6, 25.9, 25.6, 25.2, 25.4, 25, 24.6, 24.2, 23.8, 23.5, 23.1, 23.6, 25.5, 27.6, 29.2, 30.2, 30.8, 30.7, 30.7, 30.6, 30.3, 29.7, 29, 28.1, 27.1, 26.5, 26.3, 25.8, 22.1, 21.8, 21.6, 21.2, 20.8, 20.4, 20.1, 20, 21.2, 23.2, 24.8, 26, 26.7, 27.1, 27.4, 27.2, 26.9, 26.3, 25.5, 24.5, 23.7, 23.3, 22.8, 22.3, 18.2, 18.1, 17.8, 17.6, 17.3, 17.1, 16.9, 16.7, 17.3, 19.2, 21, 22.4, 23.4, 23.9, 24.1, 24, 23.6, 22.9, 21.8, 20.9, 20.4, 19.9, 19.2, 18.7, 14, 13.9, 13.7, 13.4, 13.2, 13, 12.8, 12.7, 12.6, 13.8, 15.7, 17.5, 18.8, 19.5, 20.1, 20.1, 19.6, 18.6, 17.2, 16.4, 15.8, 15.2, 14.6, 14.1, 11, 11, 10.9, 10.7, 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10, 9.9, 10.3, 12, 13.9, 15.5, 16.5, 17.1, 17.2, 16.8, 15.7, 14.2, 13.7, 13, 12.4, 11.8, 11.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 44, 48, 60, 49, 45, 37, 22, 25, 46, 55, 52, 51 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 3.8, 3, 10.4, 6, 4.8, 4, 2.6, 1.6, 7.2, 6.6, 5.2, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 61, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 2, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6, 2.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1, 3, 1.8, 2.8, 1.6, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 1.8, 2.2, 1.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 1, 2, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 1.4, 2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.4, 2.4, 2.4, 3, 3, 1.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1.8, 3.4, 2.2, 4.8, 3.6, 5.2, 2.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 3.2, 2.8, 4.8, 6, 2.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2, 2.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 2.4, 0.8, 2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 2.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 1.4, 2.6, 2.4, 1.4, 2, 1.6, 1, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 3, 2.4, 2.4, 1.6, 2, 0.8, 1, 0, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 2, 3.2, 2, 2.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 2.6, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1.8, 3, 1.4, 2.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 2.8, 3.4, 2.2, 4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 3, 2.8, 3, 2.8, 1, 2.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 2.6, 2.6, 3.6, 7.6, 3.6, 2.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 2, 4.6, 7, 4.4, 3.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 2.6, 2.6, 2.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 2, 2.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 3.2, 2.6, 1.6, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 14.2, 14.6, 9.2, 9, 2.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 30, 27.8, 27.4, 29.8, 30, 16.6, 2.4, 2.6, 16.2, 29.6, 30, 30.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7.4, 22, 23.8, 13.6, 2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 6.8, 7.8, 12.8, 8.4, 4.8, 3.8, 1.2, 1.2, 6.4, 10.6, 7, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 12.6, 28.2, 29.2, 15.6, 0.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 7.4, 21.4, 22.8, 5.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:06:15.362Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.47391&longitude=-0.37966&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2696, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "22,227 works by 72 institutions in Valencia" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 58, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Valencia Airport (VLC), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "VLC, CDT" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 12, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 168, 174, 211, 233, 260, 277, 308, 283, 231, 201, 166, 152 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.775Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at VALENCIA, 1 km away at 11 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2663, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.775Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at VALENCIA, 1 km away at 11 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 35.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.29, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 10.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.65, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ESP/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 648, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "malaga-es": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-3514", "note": "On request to 14 weeks (Ley Orgánica 2/2010, art. 14, as amended by Ley Orgánica 1/2023; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 24, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364", "note": "Marriage: Ley 13/2005 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 36.7, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Andalucía (ES61), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 21.36, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.27, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "green_share", "value": 1.31, "period": "2014", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 15.8, "period": "2024", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 2.8, "period": "2011", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga; 16 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 35.4, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Málaga", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 0, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 24, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1021 m at 36.62, -4.66; the centre sits at about 13 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2.7, "note": "Málaga urban centre (522,827 people, 2025): nearest edge 2.7 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 4.7 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22M%C3%A1laga%22&per_page=1", "note": "4,423 accounts whose location names \"Málaga\", over 592,346 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-11430", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement (Estatuto de los Trabajadores, art. 38)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 43.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 251,017 tests (Málaga, ES-AN)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 8, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.700Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/ES", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in ES-AN" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2452, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.067Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/ESP.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 16, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.653Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 17.2, 18, 19.4, 21.8, 25, 29.2, 31.8, 32, 28.5, 25.3, 21.1, 18 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 9.5, 10.6, 11.6, 13.6, 16.5, 20.6, 23.1, 23.7, 20.5, 17.7, 13.2, 10.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 14.8, 15.9, 17.9, 21.2, 25.2, 30.4, 34.4, 34.6, 29.7, 25.5, 19.5, 16.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 7, 8.4, 9.7, 12.1, 15.6, 20.8, 24.2, 25.1, 21.1, 18, 11.6, 8.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 13.5, 15.5, 16, 18.1, 21.3, 25.1, 28.5, 29.1, 25.8, 22.2, 17.9, 15.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 21, 21.4, 23.7, 25.7, 29.3, 33, 37.1, 36.4, 31.8, 28.9, 24.3, 21.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 5.9, 8.1, 8.7, 11.2, 13.6, 18, 20.9, 22.1, 17.9, 15.1, 9.1, 7.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 12.6, 13, 14.3, 16.5, 19.3, 23.4, 25.1, 25.3, 22.8, 20.3, 16.3, 13.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 25.2, 23.8, 29.8, 31.8, 33.8, 36.5, 41.6, 40.1, 35.8, 33.5, 28.2, 27.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 3.4, 5.6, 5.4, 7.3, 11, 15.7, 18.5, 19.6, 15.8, 10.9, 5.7, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 11.3, 11.3, 11.3, 11, 10.8, 10.7, 10.6, 10.4, 10.4, 10.6, 12.7, 14.7, 15.8, 16.5, 16.9, 16.9, 16.6, 15.9, 14.6, 13.5, 12.8, 12.4, 11.9, 11.6, 12.4, 12.4, 12.3, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.5, 11.4, 11.2, 12.3, 14.5, 16, 16.9, 17.4, 17.7, 17.6, 17.4, 16.9, 16, 14.6, 13.9, 13.4, 13, 12.7, 13.5, 13.3, 13.3, 13.1, 12.8, 12.5, 12.4, 12.1, 12.4, 14.5, 16.3, 17.3, 18.1, 18.6, 18.8, 18.8, 18.6, 18.2, 17.6, 16.4, 15.2, 14.7, 14.3, 14, 15.5, 15.3, 15.2, 14.9, 14.7, 14.4, 14.1, 14, 15.6, 17.8, 19.2, 20.1, 20.7, 21, 21.2, 21.2, 21, 20.6, 20, 19, 17.6, 16.9, 16.4, 15.9, 18.6, 18.2, 18, 17.7, 17.3, 17.1, 16.8, 17.4, 19.6, 21.4, 22.6, 23.5, 24, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.3, 24, 23.4, 22.5, 21.2, 20.1, 19.6, 19.1, 22.8, 22.4, 22.1, 21.8, 21.5, 21.1, 20.8, 21.8, 23.8, 25.4, 26.6, 27.3, 27.8, 28.1, 28.5, 28.6, 28.5, 28.2, 27.6, 26.7, 25.5, 24.3, 23.8, 23.4, 25.5, 25, 24.8, 24.5, 24.2, 23.8, 23.6, 24.2, 26.2, 28, 29.3, 30.1, 30.6, 30.7, 31.1, 31.3, 31.3, 31, 30.3, 29.3, 27.9, 26.7, 26.2, 25.9, 25.9, 25.5, 25.4, 25.1, 24.7, 24.4, 24.2, 24.2, 26.1, 28, 29.5, 30.4, 30.9, 31.1, 31.3, 31.5, 31.4, 31, 30.3, 29.2, 27.8, 27, 26.5, 26.2, 22.6, 22.3, 22.3, 22, 21.6, 21.3, 21, 20.8, 21.9, 24.3, 25.8, 26.9, 27.6, 28, 28.1, 28, 27.8, 27.3, 26.5, 25.3, 24.2, 23.7, 23.2, 22.8, 19.5, 19.2, 19.2, 18.9, 18.7, 18.5, 18.3, 18.2, 18.6, 20.9, 22.6, 23.7, 24.4, 24.7, 24.8, 24.7, 24.3, 23.7, 22.7, 21.4, 20.9, 20.5, 20.2, 19.7, 15.1, 15, 14.9, 14.6, 14.4, 14.2, 14, 13.9, 13.8, 15.2, 17.5, 19, 19.9, 20.4, 20.7, 20.7, 20.3, 19.5, 18, 17.1, 16.6, 16, 15.7, 15.3, 12.3, 12.2, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.5, 11.4, 11.4, 11.3, 11.7, 14, 16, 16.9, 17.4, 17.7, 17.7, 17.2, 16.4, 14.9, 14.2, 13.7, 13.1, 12.8, 12.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 43, 49, 56, 46, 36, 28, 11, 16, 37, 52, 39, 45 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 5.6, 4.6, 11.6, 6.2, 4.2, 2.8, 0.8, 1, 4, 6, 3.6, 7.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 58, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 2.2, 1.8, 1.8, 1.6, 1, 2.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 2.4, 2.8, 1.2, 2, 2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 2, 1.8, 1.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.6, 3, 1.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 3.4, 3.6, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 1.8, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 2.4, 2.4, 4.4, 3.4, 2.4, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1, 2.8, 4.2, 5, 4.2, 5.4, 2.8, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 3.2, 4, 6.4, 7.4, 1.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 2.4, 2.8, 2.8, 3, 3.6, 1.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 2, 3.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 2, 2.4, 0.6, 2.8, 0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 2.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.8, 3.4, 3, 1, 1.8, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 4.2, 2.2, 1.6, 1.6, 2.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 3.4, 2.8, 2.8, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 1, 1.6, 2.2, 1.4, 1.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 3, 2.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 3.4, 3.4, 2.8, 2.2, 2.2, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.6, 3.2, 4.6, 4.4, 1, 3.2, 1, 1.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 2.8, 4.6, 5.6, 5.2, 2.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2, 4.4, 6.6, 6.2, 2.6, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 3.8, 3, 3.4, 3.6, 2.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.8, 3.2, 2.2, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 1.6, 1.8, 1.2, 3, 3, 2, 2.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 3.4, 3.4, 3, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 6.6, 18.4, 16.2, 11, 15.4, 6.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 30.4, 27.4, 30.6, 29.8, 29.8, 15.6, 2.6, 2.8, 16, 27, 29.4, 30 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 11, 16.8, 8.4, 1.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 6, 8, 9.8, 7, 5, 2.8, 0.2, 1, 4.2, 9.2, 5.6, 7.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 2, 16.8, 29.6, 30.8, 17.6, 3.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 8.4, 25.4, 27.8, 5.8, 1, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:07:57.108Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=36.72016&longitude=-4.42034&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1143, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "6,773 works by 21 institutions in Málaga" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 43, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport (AGP), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "AGP, GRX" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 171, 179, 212, 238, 289, 327, 343, 310, 248, 209, 166, 152 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.777Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at MALAGAAEROPUERTO, 8 km away at 5 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2842, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.777Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at MALAGAAEROPUERTO, 8 km away at 5 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 35.4, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.29, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 10.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ES/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.65, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ESP/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.7, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 648, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "athens-gr": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.kodiko.gr/nomologia/document_navigation/146879/nomos-1609-1986", "note": "On request to 12 weeks (Νόμος 1609/1986, άρθρο 304 Ποινικού Κώδικα; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 51, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Marriage: Law 5089/2024 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 44.6, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Attiki (EL30), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.4, "period": "2013", "level": "city", "note": "Athina (greater city): the city and its contiguous urban area", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcathens" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 6, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 19, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1092 m at 38.16, 23.72; the centre sits at about 85 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.8, "note": "Athens urban centre (3,166,757 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.8 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 8.8 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 22.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Athens%22&per_page=1", "note": "15,096 accounts whose location names \"Athens\", over 664,046 residents; the count includes the few naming Athens in United States (3% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/living-and-working-conditions/living-and-working-conditions-greece_en", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "20 days in the first year on a five-day week, rising with service to 25 (EURES: Greece working conditions, statutory annual leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 139, 145, 201, 239, 299, 355, 384, 364, 277, 213, 148, 116 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.821Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16714.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Athens / Athenai / Pláka, 2 km away at 107 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2881, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.821Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/16714.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Athens / Athenai / Pláka, 2 km away at 107 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 43.1, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 112,665 tests (Athens, GR-I)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.721Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/GR", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 4800, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 9600, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 1680, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 2160, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.128Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/GRC.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 37, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.703Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 6.4, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.703Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 6.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 13.3, 13.5, 15.8, 20.2, 25.2, 31.1, 34.9, 33.3, 28.7, 23.3, 19.2, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 6.3, 6.2, 7.8, 11.3, 15.9, 21.3, 24.3, 23.6, 19.7, 14.9, 11.8, 8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 11, 11, 13.6, 18.7, 24.6, 31.8, 35.2, 33.7, 28.6, 22.3, 17.9, 13.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 3.7, 3.5, 5.3, 9.3, 14.9, 21.2, 24.3, 24, 19.6, 14.2, 10.4, 6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 8.4, 8.2, 10.3, 15.9, 21.3, 26.2, 31.3, 30.6, 25.2, 19.6, 14.9, 11.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 17, 17.2, 20.6, 24.7, 29.4, 35.4, 38, 36.5, 32.4, 26.8, 23, 17.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 1.3, 1.6, 3.5, 7.7, 12.4, 16.9, 21.5, 21, 16.6, 11.1, 7.7, 4.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 10.9, 11.4, 12.7, 14.5, 18.9, 24.4, 27.1, 25.7, 22.8, 18.4, 15.9, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 19.8, 19.6, 25.2, 28, 32.6, 39.9, 43.4, 43.5, 35.9, 30.7, 27.4, 20.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -2.4, -1.4, -2.3, 2.9, 10.3, 13, 19.3, 19.7, 11.5, 9.3, 2.9, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 8.3, 8.1, 8, 8.3, 8.2, 8, 7.8, 7.7, 7.7, 9.1, 10.5, 11.5, 12.1, 12.6, 12.8, 12.8, 12.5, 11.5, 10.4, 9.8, 9.3, 8.9, 8.6, 8.3, 8, 7.8, 7.7, 8, 7.8, 7.7, 7.5, 7.4, 7.9, 9.5, 10.8, 11.7, 12.4, 12.8, 13.1, 12.9, 12.7, 12, 10.6, 9.9, 9.3, 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 9.6, 9.3, 9.3, 9.5, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 8.7, 10.2, 11.9, 13.2, 14.2, 14.9, 15.2, 15.3, 15.3, 14.9, 14.2, 13.2, 12, 11.3, 10.8, 10.4, 10, 13.2, 12.8, 12.7, 12.8, 12.4, 12, 11.9, 13, 14.8, 16.3, 17.6, 18.6, 19.3, 19.6, 19.4, 19.2, 18.9, 18.3, 17.4, 16.3, 15.5, 14.9, 14.3, 13.8, 17.7, 17.2, 17, 17.1, 16.7, 16.4, 16.7, 18.4, 20, 21.6, 22.8, 23.8, 24.4, 24.7, 24.4, 23.9, 23.5, 22.8, 21.9, 20.9, 20, 19.4, 18.8, 18.3, 23.3, 22.7, 22.4, 22.3, 21.8, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 26, 27.5, 28.8, 29.8, 30.4, 30.6, 30.2, 30.2, 30, 29.3, 28.5, 27.4, 26.3, 25.5, 24.7, 24, 26.5, 25.9, 25.4, 25.5, 25, 24.5, 24.8, 27.1, 29.1, 30.7, 32.1, 33.2, 34, 34.4, 34.4, 34.3, 33.9, 33.2, 32.3, 31.1, 29.9, 29, 28.1, 27.3, 25.7, 25.1, 24.8, 24.9, 24.5, 24, 23.7, 25.4, 27.5, 29.2, 30.6, 31.8, 32.5, 32.8, 32.6, 32.5, 32.1, 31.3, 30.3, 29.1, 28.2, 27.6, 26.9, 26.2, 21.6, 21.2, 20.9, 21, 20.6, 20.3, 20, 20.7, 22.9, 24.6, 26, 27.2, 27.9, 28.4, 28.1, 27.8, 27.4, 26.7, 25.6, 24.4, 23.7, 23, 22.4, 21.9, 16.5, 16.2, 16.1, 16.3, 16, 15.6, 15.4, 15.5, 17.4, 19.4, 20.8, 21.9, 22.6, 23, 23, 22.7, 22.2, 21.2, 20, 19.1, 18.4, 17.8, 17.3, 16.8, 13.8, 13.6, 13.4, 13.7, 13.5, 13.3, 13.1, 12.9, 13.6, 15.3, 16.6, 17.6, 18.3, 18.7, 18.7, 18.5, 18, 16.9, 16, 15.4, 14.8, 14.6, 14.3, 14, 10.5, 10.2, 10.1, 10.4, 10.2, 10, 9.8, 9.7, 9.7, 11, 12.4, 13.4, 14, 14.4, 14.6, 14.6, 14.1, 13, 12.2, 11.6, 11.2, 11, 10.7, 10.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 49, 49, 45, 42, 40, 22, 6, 10, 23, 32, 47, 53 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 6.8, 6.6, 6.4, 7, 5, 4.8, 1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 8.4, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 65, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0, 1.6, 0.6, 1.6, 3.8, 1.4, 2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 2, 2.4, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2, 1.2, 2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 3.4, 1, 2.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.6, 3.4, 1.4, 1.2, 2, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 2.8, 2.4, 2, 4.4, 1.8, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.6, 2.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 2.8, 5.4, 3.8, 4, 5, 2.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 3, 1.6, 2.8, 2.8, 2, 3, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2.6, 1.8, 2.8, 1.8, 1.8, 1, 2.6, 2.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 2.6, 0.6, 1.8, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 3.8, 2.2, 1.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 2, 2.8, 3.2, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 2.2, 3, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 1.6, 2.8, 1.6, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 3.4, 2.6, 1, 0.6, 2.2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 3, 3.6, 1.6, 1.6, 2.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 2.2, 1, 1.6, 1, 1.8, 2.8, 2.2, 3.6, 3.8, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 2.4, 2.4, 3.8, 3.6, 3.6, 5.8, 3, 2.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 5, 5, 5.2, 4.8, 2.6, 2.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 3.6, 3, 2.6, 4, 2.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 2.4, 2, 3, 2, 3.6, 2.4, 3, 1, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 2.2, 2, 3, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 4.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 5, 12.6, 11.6, 17, 17.2, 2.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 25.6, 23.6, 27.8, 29.8, 28.6, 5.8, 0.4, 0.6, 18.4, 28.8, 29.8, 29 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 7.2, 8, 6, 5.4, 5.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 3.2, 7.2, 9.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 19.8, 30, 30, 14.2, 1.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 16, 26.6, 22.8, 5.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:09:39.421Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.98376&longitude=23.72784&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3768, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "25,018 works by 257 institutions in Athens" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 64, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Athens Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport (ATH), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ATH" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 25, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 14, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 29.6, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GR/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 6.58, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GR/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 8.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GR/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.25, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/GRC/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 65.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.84, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 81.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 673, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "tallinn-ee": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/RKSS", "note": "On request before 12 weeks (Raseduse katkestamise ja steriliseerimise seadus, § 6; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 50, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/PKS", "note": "Marriage: Family Law Act amendment, in force 1 January 2024 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 42.1, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Eesti (EE00), aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 38, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 24.2, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "value": 30, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "value": 0.07, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 26.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "value": 6.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn; 30 in total", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 12.7, "period": "2018", "level": "city", "note": "Tallinn; on foot 11.5%, by bicycle 1.2%", "source": "eurostat-urban", "retrieved": "2026-11-05" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 11 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 2, "note": "Tallinn urban centre (449,861 people, 2025): nearest edge 2 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 7.1 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 14.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Tallinn%22&per_page=1", "note": "5,877 accounts whose location names \"Tallinn\", over 394,024 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.tooelu.ee/en/26/types-holidays", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "28 calendar days (Estonian Labour Inspectorate: types of holidays, Employment Contracts Act § 55)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 35.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 14,394 tests (Tallinn, EE-37)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.741Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/EE", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 600, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 1200, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 468, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 468, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 468, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 468, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.213Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/EST.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 82.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.771Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 4.3, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.771Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -0.6, -0.4, 4.4, 8.6, 14.8, 20.7, 22.5, 20.9, 16.5, 10.2, 4.6, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -4.7, -4.7, -2.1, 1, 6, 11.8, 14.8, 13.8, 10.1, 5.5, 1.2, -3.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -5.3, -4.9, 0.1, 4.8, 12.1, 19.8, 22.2, 20.1, 14.7, 6.9, 0.8, -4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -9.7, -9.6, -6.7, -3.1, 2.7, 10.2, 14.2, 12.9, 8, 1.8, -3, -8.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -6, -6, -0.5, 2.4, 8.2, 16.5, 18.6, 16.3, 11.1, 6.4, -1, -5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 3.5, 3.9, 9.8, 14.8, 22.3, 26.1, 26.6, 26.1, 22.5, 14.1, 9.5, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -12.4, -11, -6.5, -2.3, 1.4, 7.9, 11.5, 11, 4.7, 1.5, -4.5, -10.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 1, 0.4, 2.2, 5.3, 10.6, 16.3, 18.1, 16.2, 14.3, 9.4, 6.5, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 5.8, 6.4, 14.8, 25.5, 27.9, 31.8, 30.8, 31.3, 27.3, 15.8, 13, 8.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -21.3, -23.5, -15.5, -6.2, -2.5, 3.4, 10.4, 8.6, 1.2, -2.5, -14.2, -22.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -2.6, -2.7, -2.8, -2.8, -2.8, -2.7, -2.7, -2.7, -2.7, -2.7, -2.5, -2.2, -2, -1.8, -2, -2.1, -2.2, -2.3, -2.4, -2.4, -2.4, -2.5, -2.5, -2.6, -2.8, -2.9, -2.9, -3, -3.1, -3.2, -3.3, -3.3, -3.2, -3, -2.4, -1.9, -1.5, -1.2, -1.1, -1.2, -1.4, -1.8, -2, -2.1, -2.3, -2.4, -2.5, -2.6, -0.4, -0.6, -0.6, -0.6, -0.7, -0.8, -0.9, -0.8, -0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 2.6, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 3.6, 3.3, 2.6, 1.6, 0.9, 0.5, 0.3, 0.1, -0.1, 2.7, 2.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2, 1.9, 2.3, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.4, 7.1, 7.6, 7.9, 7.8, 7.8, 7.5, 7.1, 6.3, 5.1, 4.2, 3.6, 3.3, 3, 7.5, 7.2, 7.2, 6.9, 6.7, 7.1, 8.2, 9.6, 10.9, 12, 13, 13.5, 13.9, 14, 14, 14, 13.7, 13.3, 12.6, 11.7, 10.3, 9.1, 8.5, 8.1, 13.4, 13.1, 12.8, 12.3, 12.3, 13.3, 14.6, 15.9, 17.1, 18.2, 19, 19.6, 19.9, 20, 19.9, 19.8, 19.5, 19.1, 18.4, 17.7, 16.7, 15.5, 14.6, 14, 16.2, 15.9, 15.7, 15.3, 15.2, 15.7, 16.7, 17.8, 18.9, 19.9, 20.8, 21.4, 21.7, 21.7, 21.4, 21.4, 21.1, 20.8, 20.3, 19.6, 18.7, 17.7, 17, 16.5, 15.3, 15.1, 14.9, 14.6, 14.5, 14.4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.3, 20.1, 20.1, 19.9, 19.5, 19, 18.1, 17, 16.3, 15.9, 15.6, 11.7, 11.5, 11.4, 11, 10.9, 10.8, 10.8, 11.3, 12.3, 13.4, 14.4, 15.3, 15.8, 16.1, 16, 16, 15.6, 15.1, 14.2, 13.3, 12.8, 12.4, 12.1, 11.8, 7.1, 7, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.5, 6.8, 7.6, 8.3, 9, 9.5, 9.8, 9.7, 9.5, 9.1, 8.5, 8.1, 7.8, 7.6, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.7, 3, 3.4, 3.7, 3.9, 3.8, 3.5, 3.2, 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, -1.5, -1.6, -1.5, -1.5, -1.5, -1.6, -1.6, -1.6, -1.6, -1.7, -1.6, -1.4, -1.2, -1.1, -1.2, -1.3, -1.5, -1.4, -1.4, -1.4, -1.4, -1.5, -1.5, -1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 88, 84, 66, 61, 53, 50, 58, 61, 63, 74, 85, 89 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 16.6, 10, 9.8, 10, 8.4, 11, 16.4, 14.6, 11, 13.4, 15.6, 16.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 153, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 1, 1.4, 2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 2.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 4.2, 11.6, 26, 26.8, 27.2, 28.8, 29, 19.2, 5.6, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 25.6, 20.8, 15, 11.8, 8.2, 7.4, 10.4, 10, 12.4, 17.4, 21.2, 26 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 11.4, 6.6, 4, 2.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:11:21.293Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=59.43696&longitude=24.75353&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 771, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "3,039 works by 72 institutions in Tallinn" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 36, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport (TLL), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "TLL, HEL" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.2, "period": "2023-03-05", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://rk2023.valimised.ee/en/election-result/index.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Riigikogu, 5 Mar 2023, with ParlGov party positions: Reform Party 31.2% (7.9), Conservative People’s Party 16.1% (no position), Centre Party 15.3% (4), Estonia 200 13.3% (6, party-family average), Social Democratic Party 9.3% (4.2), Isamaa 8.2% (8.5). Parties with a position took 83% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 30, 59, 148, 217, 306, 294, 312, 256, 162, 88, 29, 21 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.824Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tallinn-Harku, 10 km away at 33 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1923, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.824Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tallinn-Harku, 10 km away at 33 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 39.9, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/EE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.47, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/EE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 8.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/EE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.64, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/EST/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 75.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.54, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 79.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 521, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "san-francisco-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=123466.&lawCode=HSC", "note": "On request until viability; a right in the state constitution since 2022 (California Constitution art. I, s. 1.1; Health and Safety Code s. 123466; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 31.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 33, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 35.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 17.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 12.5%, bicycle 4.7% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 71.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 2398, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±104" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcsanfrancisco" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 3, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 67, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1076 m at 37.51, -121.73; the centre sits at about 12 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 15.8, "note": "San Francisco urban centre (4,718,349 people, 2025): nearest edge 15.8 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 15.9 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 106.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22San%20Francisco%22&per_page=1", "note": "88,290 accounts whose location names \"San Francisco\", over 827,526 residents; less 1 naming San Francisco Coacalco" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 60.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 952,717 tests (San Francisco, US-CA)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.761Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-CA" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.292Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 13.9, 14.4, 14.2, 15.6, 17.5, 18.3, 18.2, 19.9, 20.4, 20.3, 16.3, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 7.8, 7.7, 8.6, 9.5, 11, 12.4, 13, 14.1, 14.4, 12.9, 10, 8.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 11.6, 11.9, 11.8, 13.6, 15.2, 16.2, 16.7, 18.6, 19.3, 18.6, 14.4, 11.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 4.9, 4.8, 5.4, 6.6, 8.1, 9.8, 10.8, 12.5, 13.3, 11.5, 7.8, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 11.3, 11.4, 11.2, 12.2, 13.9, 15.6, 16, 17.3, 17.5, 15.7, 13.5, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 16.8, 18.2, 17.2, 19.2, 21.7, 22.1, 21.5, 24.3, 23.4, 26.4, 19.2, 16.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 5.2, 5.1, 6.5, 7.6, 9.6, 11.3, 12, 13, 13.1, 10.6, 7.1, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 10.1, 10.1, 10.8, 11, 12.2, 13.9, 13.9, 15.3, 16, 15.2, 13, 11.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 21.7, 22.6, 27.6, 29, 29.1, 30.5, 30, 28.9, 37.8, 38, 25.1, 19.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.8, 7.3, 10.6, 11.2, 11.8, 10.9, 7.6, 5.2, 4.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 9.6, 9.4, 9.3, 9.1, 9, 9.1, 8.7, 8.6, 8.5, 8.8, 9.7, 10.6, 11.6, 12.5, 13.1, 13.5, 13.6, 13.2, 12.3, 11.4, 10.9, 10.5, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 9.4, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 9, 8.6, 8.6, 8.5, 9.3, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13, 13.6, 14, 13.9, 13.5, 12.8, 11.5, 10.9, 10.4, 10.1, 9.9, 10.1, 9.9, 9.8, 9.6, 9.5, 9.6, 9.3, 9.2, 9.6, 10.4, 11.2, 12.1, 12.8, 13.3, 13.6, 13.6, 13.5, 13.2, 12.8, 12, 11.3, 10.9, 10.6, 10.4, 10.8, 10.6, 10.4, 10.3, 10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 10.1, 10.9, 11.6, 12.5, 13.5, 14.4, 14.9, 15.1, 15, 14.7, 14.3, 13.7, 12.9, 12, 11.6, 11.4, 11.1, 12.2, 12, 11.8, 11.6, 11.5, 11.6, 11.3, 11.9, 12.6, 13.5, 14.5, 15.5, 16.3, 16.7, 16.9, 16.9, 16.9, 16, 15.4, 14.6, 13.7, 13.1, 12.8, 12.6, 13.6, 13.3, 13.1, 13, 12.7, 12.8, 12.7, 13.1, 13.8, 14.6, 15.5, 16.4, 17.2, 17.6, 17.8, 17.8, 17.6, 16.9, 16.3, 15.6, 14.7, 14.2, 14, 13.8, 14, 13.8, 13.7, 13.5, 13.4, 13.4, 13.4, 13.6, 14.2, 15, 15.8, 16.6, 17.2, 17.6, 17.8, 17.8, 17.7, 16.9, 16.4, 15.7, 14.9, 14.4, 14.2, 14.1, 15.2, 15, 14.8, 14.7, 14.5, 14.6, 14.5, 14.6, 15.2, 16, 16.9, 17.9, 18.6, 19.1, 19.3, 19.4, 19.3, 18.8, 18.1, 17.2, 16.3, 15.9, 15.7, 15.4, 15.6, 15.4, 15.2, 15.1, 14.9, 15.1, 14.9, 14.9, 15.5, 16.2, 17.2, 18.2, 19.2, 19.8, 19.8, 19.6, 19.2, 18.7, 18.1, 17.2, 16.7, 16.4, 16.1, 15.9, 14.7, 14.4, 14.2, 14, 13.9, 13.9, 13.6, 13.5, 13.8, 14.9, 16.2, 17.4, 18.6, 19.5, 19.8, 19.6, 19.1, 18.6, 17.5, 16.5, 16, 15.6, 15.3, 14.9, 11.9, 11.6, 11.5, 11.3, 11.2, 11.3, 10.9, 10.7, 10.6, 11.5, 12.4, 13.3, 14.4, 15.2, 15.8, 15.9, 15.7, 15.2, 14, 13.4, 12.9, 12.5, 12.2, 12, 9.9, 9.6, 9.6, 9.5, 9.4, 9.4, 9.2, 9.1, 9, 9.2, 9.8, 10.5, 11.4, 12.1, 12.7, 13, 13, 12.4, 11.5, 11, 10.6, 10.3, 10.1, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 56, 49, 51, 43, 34, 42, 54, 50, 43, 44, 54, 68 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 8.4, 8.4, 10.6, 3, 1.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.6, 3.4, 7.4, 12.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 58, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 2.8, 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 2.4, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 2.4, 1.2, 3.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 3.2, 0.8, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 2.6, 2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 2.8, 2, 3.6, 2, 2, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 2.2, 3.8, 2, 2, 2.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 3, 2.2, 2.8, 3.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 3.2, 3.2, 2.4, 1.6, 3, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2.2, 3.6, 3.4, 2, 2.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 2, 0.8, 2.6, 2.6, 2, 2.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.2, 2.8, 1.2, 2.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 2, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, 3.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.8, 1.6, 4, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.8, 2.4, 2.8, 2.4, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.6, 2.2, 2.4, 3.4, 2.4, 2.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 2.4, 4.2, 3.2, 2.6, 2.8, 2.6, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 3.4, 4.8, 2.8, 2.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.8, 3.8, 4, 3, 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 3.2, 4.6, 2.8, 2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 3.6, 5.4, 3.6, 1.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 2.2, 1.6, 4, 3, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 3, 2.6, 2.2, 2.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.2, 2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 29.2, 24.8, 29.2, 29.2, 30.8, 30, 30.8, 31, 30, 30.8, 29.4, 28.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 10.2, 8.8, 8.8, 6.2, 3.8, 5.6, 7.2, 6.6, 4.2, 7.8, 9, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1.4, 3.6, 3.2, 2.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:13:04.095Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=37.77493&longitude=-122.41942&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3173, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "26,260 works by 452 institutions in San Francisco" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 61, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "San Francisco International Airport (SFO), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "SFO, OAK, SQL, CCR, SJC, STS" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 15, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "los-angeles-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=123466.&lawCode=HSC", "note": "On request until viability; a right in the state constitution since 2022 (California Constitution art. I, s. 1.1; Health and Safety Code s. 123466; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 32.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 35.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 5.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 4.4%, bicycle 0.7% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1821, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±28" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2698, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±105" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frclosangeles" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 22, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 22, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1095 m at 34.21, -118.11; the centre sits at about 85 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 7.8, "note": "Los Angeles urban centre (13,474,333 people, 2025): nearest edge 7.8 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 20 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 14.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Los%20Angeles%22&per_page=1", "note": "54,246 accounts whose location names \"Los Angeles\", over 3,820,914 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 59, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,466,505 tests (Los Angeles, US-CA)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.761Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-CA" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 18.6, 19.7, 20.1, 23.6, 24.7, 27.9, 30.9, 31.9, 30.5, 27.4, 23.1, 19.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 7.5, 7.9, 8.9, 11, 13.2, 15.3, 17, 17.9, 17.9, 14.6, 10.6, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 16.3, 17.5, 18.6, 22.9, 24.8, 28.9, 32.3, 33.3, 31.3, 26.5, 20.9, 17.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 4.7, 5.4, 6.9, 9.6, 12.8, 15.8, 18.4, 19.4, 19.3, 14.1, 8.5, 6.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 14.5, 14.4, 14.7, 18.4, 21.5, 23.4, 27.8, 27.9, 25.8, 22.5, 18.4, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 23.2, 25.4, 26.6, 30.3, 28.8, 32.3, 34.1, 35.5, 37.3, 32.9, 28.1, 24.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 3.9, 4.4, 5.4, 8.1, 10.9, 13.6, 15.2, 16, 14.7, 11.1, 7.3, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 10.8, 11.2, 12.1, 13.3, 15.3, 16.9, 18.8, 19.7, 21.9, 17.4, 13.9, 12.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 31.8, 31.6, 32.8, 37.4, 39.6, 36, 36.3, 39.5, 45.7, 36.1, 34.1, 27.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 2.2, 0.9, 3, 2.7, 8.3, 11.7, 13.6, 14.8, 13, 8.7, 4.3, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.1, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 8.7, 8.5, 9.8, 12.2, 14.2, 15.8, 17.1, 18, 18.5, 18.2, 17.3, 15.1, 13.7, 12.8, 11.8, 10.9, 10.3, 10.2, 9.8, 9.6, 9.4, 9.3, 9.3, 9.3, 9, 9, 11, 13.3, 15.3, 17, 18.3, 19.2, 19.5, 19.2, 18.2, 16.4, 14.5, 13.6, 12.6, 11.7, 10.9, 11.1, 10.6, 10.3, 10, 9.8, 9.8, 9.9, 9.7, 10.7, 12.6, 14.5, 16.4, 18, 19.2, 19.7, 19.5, 18.9, 18, 16.8, 15, 13.9, 13.2, 12.4, 11.7, 13.1, 12.7, 12.3, 11.9, 11.6, 11.6, 11.7, 12, 13.4, 15.2, 17.4, 19.7, 21.7, 23, 23.3, 23, 22.2, 20.9, 19.5, 17.7, 16.2, 15.3, 14.5, 13.8, 14.9, 14.5, 14.2, 13.8, 13.6, 13.7, 13.9, 14.3, 15.3, 16.8, 18.8, 21, 23.1, 24.3, 24.5, 24.1, 23.5, 22.1, 20.5, 19, 17.4, 16.5, 15.9, 15.4, 17.1, 16.7, 16.3, 16, 15.7, 15.6, 15.7, 16.3, 17.4, 19.3, 21.7, 24.3, 26.4, 27.6, 27.7, 27.2, 26.5, 25.2, 23.8, 22, 20.1, 18.8, 18.2, 17.6, 19, 18.6, 18.2, 17.8, 17.4, 17.3, 17.3, 17.7, 19, 21.2, 23.8, 26.7, 29.1, 30.5, 30.6, 30.1, 29.3, 28, 26.4, 24.4, 22.2, 20.8, 20.1, 19.5, 20.2, 19.8, 19.3, 18.9, 18.5, 18.3, 18.2, 18.4, 19.8, 22.1, 24.9, 27.8, 30.2, 31.5, 31.7, 31.1, 30.3, 28.9, 27.2, 25, 23, 21.9, 21.2, 20.7, 19.9, 19.5, 19.1, 18.8, 18.5, 18.5, 18.6, 18.4, 19.5, 21.3, 23.6, 26.1, 28.3, 29.7, 30.1, 29.7, 28.9, 27.3, 25.4, 23.5, 22.2, 21.5, 20.8, 20.3, 16.6, 16.3, 16.1, 15.8, 15.6, 15.8, 15.5, 15.3, 16, 17.7, 20, 22.4, 24.7, 26.4, 27.2, 26.9, 26, 24.2, 22, 20.5, 19.5, 18.6, 17.7, 17, 13.1, 12.7, 12.4, 12.2, 12.1, 12, 11.8, 11.4, 11.7, 13.8, 16.2, 18.4, 20.3, 21.8, 22.7, 22.9, 22.2, 20.5, 18.4, 17.1, 16.1, 15, 14.1, 13.5, 11.2, 11, 10.8, 10.6, 10.4, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.5, 10.8, 12.9, 14.7, 16.3, 17.7, 18.6, 18.9, 18.6, 17.4, 15.3, 14.3, 13.5, 12.7, 12.1, 11.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 43, 44, 47, 40, 46, 34, 23, 21, 31, 30, 38, 54 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 5.6, 4.8, 7.8, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 2.4, 2.8, 6.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 37, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 2.2, 1.4, 2.8, 2.4, 2.4, 1.4, 2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 2.4, 2.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 2.4, 3.4, 2.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 3.8, 4.4, 3.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 3, 3, 2.6, 4.4, 2.8, 2.4, 1, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 4.4, 6, 5.2, 3.8, 3.2, 2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2.8, 5.8, 4, 6.4, 2.6, 2.2, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 2.2, 2.4, 3, 3.2, 1.4, 0.8, 2.6, 2.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1, 1.2, 1, 2, 2.4, 2.2, 1.8, 3.2, 3.4, 2, 1.6, 1.6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 3.2, 1.8, 3.6, 1.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.8, 1, 3.2, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2, 2, 2.4, 1.4, 2.8, 2.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 2.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8, 2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 1, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 2.8, 3.6, 2.4, 2.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 3.6, 5.6, 4.8, 2.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 2.8, 4.2, 4, 4, 2.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 4, 5.6, 5, 4, 3.4, 3.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.4, 4, 4, 4.2, 4.4, 4.4, 2.6, 1.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 3.4, 2.8, 4, 2.8, 1.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 2.6, 3.6, 2.6, 4.2, 3, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, 2.2, 3.4, 3, 2.4, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.8, 2.2, 3.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 2, 2.2, 13, 25.4, 25.4, 12.8, 7.6, 0.6, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 30.2, 26.6, 29.6, 30, 30.8, 29.8, 29, 26.2, 22.8, 31, 29.2, 29.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 3, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 8, 6.6, 7.2, 4, 4.4, 2.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 3, 5.2, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 5.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 7, 17, 20.6, 12, 2.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1206, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "46,064 works by 398 institutions in Los Angeles" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 44, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "HHR, LAX, BUR, LGB, SNA, ONT, SBD" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 43, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 25, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "new-york-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PBH/2599-BB", "note": "On request to 24 weeks, later to protect her life or health (Public Health Law s. 2599-bb (Reproductive Health Act 2019); stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 57.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 40.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 36.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 12.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 10.9%, bicycle 1.9% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 54.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1804, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±29" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2209, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±62" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcnewyork" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 142, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1114 m at 41.96, -74.40; the centre sits at about 34 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 14.6, "note": "New York City urban centre (14,197,659 people, 2025): nearest edge 14.6 km to the south-east; half the directions over land end within 27.7 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 15.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22New%20York%22&per_page=1", "note": "136,587 accounts whose location names \"New York\" or \"New York City\", over 8,804,190 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 54.4, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,445,121 tests (New York, US-NY)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.780Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-NY" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.454Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 4.4, 5.8, 11.4, 16.4, 21.5, 27.3, 30.4, 28.7, 25, 19.4, 12.3, 6.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -3, -2.9, 1.4, 6.4, 11.8, 17.3, 21.1, 19.6, 16.1, 10.3, 4, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -0.2, 1.4, 7.7, 13.9, 20.8, 28.2, 33, 30.2, 25, 17.5, 8.9, 2.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -7.8, -7.6, -3, 2.9, 10, 17.3, 23, 20.9, 15.9, 8.2, 0.4, -4.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -2.5, -0.3, 5.6, 9.6, 15.2, 21.9, 27, 24.7, 20.7, 14.6, 5.8, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.9, 13.4, 17.7, 23.2, 27.8, 33.4, 34, 32.9, 29.3, 25.2, 19.6, 13.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -8.9, -8.4, -3.9, 1.7, 7.5, 13.2, 17.9, 16.2, 12, 5.9, -0.9, -6.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 2.7, 2.5, 6.3, 11.4, 16.1, 22.1, 23.7, 23.2, 20, 15.3, 9, 5.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 18, 19.3, 26.4, 31.1, 33.8, 40.4, 39.5, 37.6, 35.9, 29.8, 27, 17.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -17.3, -16.5, -7.3, -3.2, 5.3, 9.7, 14.7, 12.6, 9.4, 2.9, -4.4, -14.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.1, -1.3, -1.5, -1.6, -1.7, -1.5, -0.9, 0.2, 1.3, 2.2, 2.9, 3.4, 3.6, 3.5, 2.9, 1.6, 0.9, 0.4, 0.3, 0, -0.4, 0.1, -0.2, -0.5, -0.7, -0.9, -1.1, -1.2, -1.4, -1.3, -0.3, 0.9, 2.2, 3.2, 4.1, 4.6, 4.9, 4.9, 4.5, 3.4, 2.2, 1.6, 1.3, 0.9, 0.5, 4.3, 4, 3.6, 3.4, 3, 2.8, 2.7, 2.5, 3.4, 5.2, 6.6, 7.9, 9.1, 9.9, 10.5, 10.7, 10.6, 10.1, 9.2, 7.7, 6.5, 6.2, 5.7, 5.1, 9.4, 8.9, 8.5, 8.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 7.5, 9, 10.7, 12.1, 13.2, 14.2, 14.9, 15.5, 15.6, 15.4, 15, 14.3, 13, 11.6, 11.1, 10.5, 9.9, 14.1, 13.6, 13.2, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.2, 13.1, 14.6, 16.3, 17.6, 18.8, 19.8, 20.4, 20.8, 20.7, 20.4, 19.8, 19.1, 18, 16.6, 15.9, 15.3, 14.7, 19.7, 19.2, 18.8, 18.4, 18.1, 17.8, 17.9, 18.9, 20.4, 22, 23.4, 24.6, 25.6, 26.3, 26.4, 26.4, 26.1, 25.5, 24.7, 23.9, 22.7, 21.6, 21, 20.5, 23.4, 22.9, 22.5, 22, 21.8, 21.5, 21.4, 22.3, 23.6, 25.1, 26.6, 27.8, 28.8, 29.3, 29.6, 29.5, 29.2, 28.8, 27.9, 27, 25.9, 24.9, 24.3, 23.8, 21.9, 21.4, 21, 20.6, 20.3, 20, 19.7, 20.3, 21.7, 23.2, 24.7, 26, 27, 27.7, 28, 28.1, 27.9, 27.3, 26.6, 25.5, 24.1, 23.3, 22.8, 22.3, 18.5, 18.1, 17.7, 17.3, 17.1, 16.8, 16.6, 16.6, 17.9, 19.3, 20.8, 22.1, 23.2, 23.9, 24.3, 24.5, 24.3, 23.8, 22.9, 21.3, 20.4, 19.8, 19.3, 18.8, 13, 12.6, 12.2, 11.9, 11.6, 11.4, 11.2, 11, 11.8, 13.3, 14.9, 16.4, 17.6, 18.4, 18.9, 19.1, 18.8, 18.1, 16.5, 15.4, 14.8, 14.3, 13.8, 13.3, 6.9, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.1, 5.5, 6.6, 8, 9.3, 10.4, 11.2, 11.8, 11.9, 11.7, 10.9, 9.3, 8.6, 8.3, 7.9, 7.4, 7, 1.9, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.7, 0.9, 1.4, 2.5, 3.6, 4.6, 5.3, 5.8, 6, 5.8, 4.9, 3.8, 3.3, 3.1, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 60, 60, 58, 62, 63, 60, 56, 52, 54, 48, 47, 61 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 10.4, 10, 10.2, 11.2, 11.6, 10, 13.8, 11.2, 10, 7.6, 8, 10.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 125, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 5.8, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 2.2, 1, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1, 1, 1.8, 1.2, 1.6, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 2.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 1.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.2, 2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 3.8, 4.6, 7.8, 2.4, 0.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 3.6, 5.8, 18.8, 25.4, 29, 20.8, 7, 15.8, 24.2, 30, 20.2, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 8, 22, 16, 6.6, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 12.8, 10.2, 12.6, 13.8, 13.4, 11, 9.8, 7.8, 10.4, 8.2, 7.4, 13 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 6.2, 22, 14.6, 2.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 7.8, 19.6, 10.8, 2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.8, 4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:16:26.806Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=40.71427&longitude=-74.00597&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1258, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "110,726 works by 1492 institutions in New York" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 44, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LaGuardia Airport (LGA), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "LGA, EWR, TEB, JFK, HPN, ISP, TTN, SWF" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 116, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 33, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "boston-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXVI/Chapter112/Section12M", "note": "On request to 24 weeks (General Laws c. 112, s. 12M; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 31.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 32.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 28.2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 19.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 16.5%, bicycle 3.3% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 67.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 2207, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±109" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2583, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±251" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcboston" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 172, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1091 m at 43.08, -72.92; the centre sits at about 33 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 8.9, "note": "Boston urban centre (1,669,310 people, 2025): nearest edge 8.9 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 12.9 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 69.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Boston%22&per_page=1", "note": "45,553 accounts whose location names \"Boston\", over 653,833 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 151, 164, 204, 212, 257, 281, 290, 278, 229, 200, 142, 136 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.277Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72509.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Boston Logan International, 4 km away at 6 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2545, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.277Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72509.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Boston Logan International, 4 km away at 6 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 58.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 406,449 tests (Boston, US-MA)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.799Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-MA" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.568Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 2.6, 4.1, 9.2, 13.9, 20, 25.6, 28.6, 27.1, 22.8, 17.7, 10.8, 5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -5, -5.7, -0.7, 4.3, 10.1, 15.5, 19.3, 17.9, 14.5, 9.1, 2.3, -2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -2, -0.4, 5.3, 11.1, 18.7, 26.3, 30.5, 28.5, 23, 15.8, 7.2, 1.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -10.2, -10.7, -5.4, 0.5, 7.8, 15, 20.4, 18.7, 14, 6.7, -1.7, -6.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -3.3, -2.4, 3.2, 7.8, 12.1, 18.5, 23.6, 22.4, 18.2, 12.4, 5, -0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 8.9, 11.9, 15.1, 20, 28, 31.8, 33.4, 32.7, 27.1, 23.6, 18.2, 13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -12.3, -13.4, -6.7, 0.1, 5.9, 10.7, 16.1, 14.2, 10.7, 4.6, -2.5, -7.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 0.6, 0.4, 4.6, 8.3, 15.2, 20.9, 22.4, 21.6, 18.5, 13.6, 7.7, 3.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.9, 20.1, 21.9, 29.6, 33.9, 38.8, 38.6, 37.7, 33.6, 28.3, 24.8, 16.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -19.8, -24.6, -20.5, -3.7, 2.9, 8, 13.2, 12.1, 8.2, 1.8, -4.9, -14.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -2.3, -2.6, -2.8, -3, -3.1, -3.3, -3.4, -3.5, -3.3, -2.7, -1.6, -0.4, 0.7, 1.4, 1.9, 2, 1.7, 0.9, -0.3, -1, -1.5, -1.6, -1.9, -2.2, -2.3, -2.6, -2.8, -3, -3.2, -3.3, -3.4, -3.5, -3.4, -2.1, -0.7, 0.5, 1.6, 2.3, 2.9, 3.2, 3, 2.4, 1.1, -0.1, -0.7, -1, -1.4, -1.9, 2.3, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4, 1.6, 3.3, 4.7, 6, 7.1, 7.9, 8.4, 8.5, 8.4, 7.9, 6.9, 5.4, 4.5, 4.2, 3.6, 3.1, 7, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.7, 5.5, 5.3, 5.8, 7.2, 8.9, 10.1, 11.2, 12, 12.5, 12.9, 12.9, 12.7, 12.4, 11.6, 10.3, 9, 8.5, 7.9, 7.4, 12.5, 12, 11.7, 11.4, 11.1, 10.8, 10.8, 11.9, 13.5, 15.2, 16.5, 17.7, 18.4, 18.8, 19, 19.1, 18.9, 18.4, 17.7, 16.5, 15.1, 14.4, 13.7, 13.1, 17.7, 17.2, 16.8, 16.5, 16.2, 16, 16.2, 17.3, 18.9, 20.6, 22, 23.1, 24, 24.5, 24.7, 24.6, 24.4, 24, 23.2, 22.2, 20.9, 19.8, 19, 18.4, 21.4, 21, 20.6, 20.3, 20, 19.8, 19.8, 20.8, 22.2, 23.8, 25.2, 26.2, 27, 27.5, 27.7, 27.9, 27.6, 27.3, 26.6, 25.6, 24.2, 23.2, 22.5, 21.9, 20, 19.6, 19.3, 19, 18.7, 18.4, 18.2, 18.8, 20.3, 21.9, 23.6, 24.9, 25.7, 26.3, 26.5, 26.4, 26.1, 25.6, 24.8, 23.7, 22.3, 21.6, 21, 20.4, 16.6, 16.2, 15.9, 15.6, 15.4, 15.1, 15, 15.1, 16.4, 17.9, 19.5, 20.7, 21.6, 22.2, 22.4, 22.4, 22, 21.3, 20.4, 19.1, 18.3, 17.8, 17.2, 16.8, 11.3, 11, 10.7, 10.5, 10.4, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 10.8, 12.2, 13.9, 15.3, 16.3, 16.9, 17.2, 17.2, 16.9, 16, 14.5, 13.5, 12.9, 12.4, 12, 11.6, 5.1, 4.8, 4.6, 4.4, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 4, 5.2, 6.8, 8.1, 9.1, 9.9, 10.3, 10.3, 9.9, 8.6, 7.3, 6.6, 6.2, 5.9, 5.6, 5.1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.1, 0, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.4, 0.1, 1.3, 2.5, 3.4, 4.2, 4.7, 4.8, 4.4, 3.2, 2.3, 1.8, 1.5, 1.4, 1.1, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 61, 60, 61, 65, 64, 62, 58, 55, 54, 50, 46, 59 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 10.6, 9.2, 11, 10.4, 11.2, 11.4, 13.4, 11.6, 10, 8.4, 7.4, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 125, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 7.4, 1, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1.8, 1, 0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.2, 2.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 3.2, 1, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.8, 2.8, 1.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1.8, 1, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 2, 1, 1.6, 2.4, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.4, 4.2, 4.4, 1.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 2.8, 4.2, 13.6, 23.4, 30, 23.6, 13.6, 21, 26.4, 30, 15.4, 6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 6.2, 17.2, 11.6, 4.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 12.4, 12, 13, 13.2, 12, 10.2, 11, 9, 10.4, 9.4, 6.8, 12.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3.4, 12, 7.8, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 5.8, 12.6, 8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 4.4, 4.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:18:08.891Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=42.35843&longitude=-71.05977&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 12103, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "79,135 works by 454 institutions in Boston" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 84, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Boston Logan International Airport (BOS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BOS, BED, ORH, MHT, EWB, PVD, PSM, NPT" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 41, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "seattle-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9.02.110", "note": "On request until viability, later to protect her life or health (RCW 9.02.110; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 23.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 27.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 20.5, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 14.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 10.6%, bicycle 4.1% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 79.5, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1961, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±70" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 3310, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±180" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 46, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1176 m at 47.51, -121.74; the centre sits at about 72 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 18.5, "note": "Seattle urban centre (2,099,643 people, 2025): nearest edge 18.5 km to the north-east; half the directions over land end within 24.5 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 86.8, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Seattle%22&per_page=1", "note": "67,789 accounts whose location names \"Seattle\", over 780,995 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 84, 119, 192, 212, 258, 274, 302, 308, 223, 148, 78, 72 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.413Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72793.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Seattle-Tacoma Airport, 17 km away at 131 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2268, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.413Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72793.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Seattle-Tacoma Airport, 17 km away at 131 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 52.7, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,563,090 tests (Seattle, US-WA)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.819Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-WA" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.634Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 7.8, 8, 10.9, 13.4, 17.3, 21.2, 25.4, 25, 21.1, 15.4, 10.3, 8.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 2.5, 2.4, 4, 5.6, 9, 12.2, 14.7, 15.4, 13, 9.2, 5.5, 3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 5, 4.9, 8, 10.8, 15.6, 20.5, 25.3, 24.8, 20, 13.5, 7.8, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -0.8, -1.2, 0.6, 2.5, 6.7, 10.7, 14.1, 15, 12, 7, 2.3, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 4.8, 3.8, 7.8, 9.3, 13.2, 16.3, 21.9, 20.5, 16.8, 11.4, 7.4, 4.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 10.9, 11.3, 14.4, 19.3, 22.2, 26.6, 29.3, 29.3, 25.2, 20.1, 14, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.3, -1.7, 0.5, 2.7, 6.4, 9.6, 13.1, 13.2, 10.9, 6.2, 1.1, -0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 6.2, 6, 7, 8.4, 11.4, 14.5, 16.3, 17.6, 15.3, 12, 9.5, 8.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 17.1, 16.5, 20.7, 23.6, 28.9, 37.9, 33.2, 33.3, 30.9, 27.7, 15.9, 14.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -10.1, -5.2, -1.9, 0.6, 4.8, 8.4, 12, 10.9, 8.4, 0.8, -1.7, -6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 4.5, 5.2, 5.9, 6.6, 7.1, 7.4, 7.4, 6.8, 5.9, 5.6, 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.1, 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.8, 4.5, 5.2, 6.1, 6.8, 7.3, 7.6, 7.7, 7.3, 6.7, 5.8, 5.3, 5, 4.7, 4.3, 5.6, 5.3, 5.2, 5, 4.9, 5, 5, 4.9, 5.1, 5.9, 6.8, 7.8, 8.7, 9.5, 10.1, 10.4, 10.5, 10.2, 9.6, 8.4, 7.5, 6.9, 6.4, 6, 7.4, 7, 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 7.2, 8.2, 9.3, 10.3, 11.2, 11.9, 12.5, 12.8, 12.9, 12.8, 12.3, 11.4, 10, 9.2, 8.4, 7.9, 10.8, 10.3, 10.1, 9.7, 9.5, 9.4, 9.6, 10.2, 10.8, 11.8, 12.8, 13.8, 14.8, 15.5, 16.1, 16.5, 16.8, 16.6, 16.1, 15.3, 14.1, 12.8, 12.1, 11.4, 14.2, 13.7, 13.3, 12.9, 12.7, 12.5, 12.7, 13.3, 14.1, 15.2, 16.2, 17.2, 18.2, 19.1, 19.9, 20.5, 20.8, 20.5, 20, 19.3, 18.2, 16.8, 15.7, 15, 17.2, 16.5, 16.1, 15.6, 15.3, 15.1, 14.9, 15.6, 16.6, 17.7, 19, 20.3, 21.6, 22.9, 23.9, 24.7, 25.1, 24.7, 24.2, 23.5, 22, 20.2, 18.9, 17.9, 17.7, 17.2, 16.7, 16.4, 16.1, 15.9, 15.6, 15.9, 16.6, 17.7, 18.9, 20.2, 21.5, 22.6, 23.6, 24.4, 24.7, 24.2, 23.7, 22.8, 21.3, 19.9, 19, 18.2, 15, 14.6, 14.4, 14.2, 14, 13.8, 13.5, 13.5, 14.1, 14.9, 15.9, 17.1, 18.2, 19.2, 20, 20.5, 20.7, 20.3, 19.5, 18.2, 17, 16.3, 15.6, 15.2, 10.8, 10.6, 10.5, 10.4, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 9.9, 10, 10.7, 11.5, 12.4, 13.4, 14.2, 14.7, 15, 15, 14.4, 13.4, 12.5, 12, 11.5, 11.2, 10.9, 7.1, 7, 6.8, 6.8, 6.8, 6.7, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.8, 7.5, 8.1, 8.8, 9.4, 9.8, 9.9, 9.8, 9, 8.3, 8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.3, 7.1, 5.4, 5.3, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5, 5.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.1, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.3, 7.5, 7.3, 6.6, 6.2, 6, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 80, 79, 76, 65, 64, 54, 32, 44, 55, 67, 78, 85 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 16.4, 13.8, 15, 13.8, 10.4, 6.6, 1.2, 6, 7, 14, 17.4, 20.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 142, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 1, 1, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.4, 2, 3.6, 3.2, 3.8, 2.4, 2.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, 1, 2.4, 1.6, 2, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 2.2, 1.4, 2.2, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.6, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 0.8, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3.6, 5, 3, 2.8, 1.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 2.8, 1.4, 2.2, 2, 2.8, 1.8, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 1, 1.4, 2.4, 2.2, 2.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 5, 4.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 10.8, 11.4, 21.8, 25.4, 28.8, 28.4, 30.6, 30.4, 29.4, 29, 19.8, 12 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 20, 17.6, 17.8, 13.8, 13, 9.2, 2.6, 6.4, 9.2, 14.6, 18.2, 20.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 1.2, 3, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:19:50.465Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=47.60621&longitude=-122.33207&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 4313, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "33,683 works by 369 institutions in Seattle" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 66, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Seattle–Tacoma International Airport (SEA), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 6, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BFI, SEA, PAE, TIW, Arlington Municipal Airport, OLM" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 22, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "austin-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 0, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00031F.htm", "note": "Prohibited from fertilisation, except when a physician judges that a life-threatening physical condition puts the woman at risk of death or of substantial impairment of a major bodily function (Health and Safety Code s. 170A.002, as amended by S.B. 31 (2025); checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 3.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 24.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 20.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 5, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 3.4%, bicycle 1.5% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 69, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1563, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±49" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2091, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±156" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcaustin" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 200, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 156 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 4.5, "note": "Austin urban centre (1,580,153 people, 2025): nearest edge 4.5 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 6.7 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 44.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Austin%22&per_page=1", "note": "43,037 accounts whose location names \"Austin\", over 974,447 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 158, 152, 192, 193, 188, 259, 300, 270, 232, 215, 142, 134 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.452Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72254.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Camp Mabry/Austin City Asos, 6 km away at 201 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2435, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.452Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72254.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Camp Mabry/Austin City Asos, 6 km away at 201 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 92.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 776,535 tests (Austin, US-TX)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.843Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-TX" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.700Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 15.5, 17.7, 24.2, 27, 30, 33.9, 34.6, 35.9, 33.4, 29.1, 21.8, 19.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 5.1, 6.3, 12.1, 16.1, 20.2, 23.6, 24.6, 25.3, 22.7, 17.9, 11.9, 9.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 12.7, 15.4, 22.6, 26.7, 32.5, 37.6, 38.1, 39.1, 35.5, 29, 20.9, 18 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 1.4, 2.9, 9.9, 15.1, 21.7, 27.1, 28.3, 29.1, 25.1, 17.7, 10.2, 7.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 7.3, 5.7, 17.9, 21.2, 25.9, 29.9, 30.1, 31.6, 29.8, 22.7, 14.1, 12.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 22.2, 26.5, 29.2, 31.3, 35.4, 37.4, 38.9, 40.4, 36.9, 33.7, 28.6, 25.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.9, -2.8, 6.4, 10.7, 16.8, 20.9, 22.6, 23.6, 18.7, 11.6, 4.7, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 11.6, 15.2, 18.1, 21, 23.5, 25.5, 26.2, 27, 25.8, 22.2, 19, 18.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 27.7, 30.3, 34.9, 35.5, 37.3, 38.8, 40.5, 41.6, 40.7, 37.4, 32.6, 27.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -8.1, -15.3, -1.9, 6, 13.1, 19.4, 21.9, 22.5, 15.2, 5.4, 2.2, -9.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 8.7, 8.3, 8.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 7, 6.8, 6.3, 6.6, 8.2, 9.9, 11.5, 12.9, 13.9, 14.7, 15.1, 15, 14.1, 12, 11.2, 10.4, 9.7, 9.1, 9.9, 9.5, 9.1, 8.8, 8.6, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 7.8, 8.4, 9.9, 11.6, 13.3, 14.7, 15.9, 16.7, 17.1, 17.1, 16.6, 14.4, 12.8, 11.8, 11.1, 10.5, 15.8, 15.3, 14.9, 14.4, 14.1, 13.7, 13.4, 13.4, 13.2, 14.4, 16.2, 18, 19.8, 21.3, 22.5, 23.3, 23.7, 23.7, 23.2, 21.6, 19.5, 18.5, 17.5, 16.7, 18.8, 18.3, 17.9, 17.6, 17.4, 17.3, 17, 17.1, 17.5, 18.7, 20.2, 21.8, 23.3, 24.5, 25.6, 26.1, 26.4, 26.2, 25.8, 24.2, 22.3, 21.3, 20.4, 19.6, 22.5, 22, 21.6, 21.3, 21.1, 21, 20.9, 21.1, 21.8, 22.9, 24.4, 25.7, 26.8, 27.9, 28.8, 29.3, 29.4, 29.1, 28.6, 27.2, 25.7, 24.6, 23.8, 23.2, 26.4, 25.8, 25.3, 24.8, 24.4, 24.2, 23.9, 24.2, 25.2, 26.4, 27.8, 29.3, 30.6, 31.8, 32.6, 33.3, 33.5, 33.4, 32.9, 31.6, 30.2, 28.9, 28.1, 27.3, 27.6, 26.9, 26.4, 25.9, 25.5, 25.2, 24.9, 24.8, 25.7, 27, 28.6, 30.2, 31.5, 32.5, 33.4, 34, 34.2, 34, 33.6, 32.6, 31.2, 29.9, 29.1, 28.3, 28.6, 28, 27.4, 27, 26.6, 26.2, 25.8, 25.6, 26.1, 27.4, 29.2, 30.9, 32.4, 33.7, 34.7, 35.3, 35.4, 35.3, 34.9, 33.6, 31.7, 30.7, 29.9, 29.2, 26.2, 25.6, 24.9, 24.4, 24, 23.6, 23.2, 23.1, 23.2, 25, 26.9, 28.8, 30.3, 31.5, 32.3, 32.9, 33.1, 32.9, 32.5, 30.9, 29.5, 28.5, 27.7, 26.9, 21.8, 21, 20.4, 20, 19.6, 19.3, 19, 18.6, 18.5, 20.2, 22.3, 24.2, 25.9, 27.2, 28.2, 28.7, 28.8, 28.6, 27.8, 25.8, 24.6, 23.8, 23, 22.2, 15.3, 14.7, 14.3, 14, 13.7, 13.5, 13.3, 13.1, 12.9, 13.8, 15.3, 16.9, 18.4, 19.7, 20.6, 21.2, 21.4, 21.2, 20, 18, 17.4, 16.7, 16.1, 15.6, 13, 12.5, 12.1, 11.9, 11.7, 11.4, 11.2, 11.1, 10.8, 11.2, 12.5, 14, 15.5, 16.9, 17.9, 18.6, 19, 18.8, 17.6, 15.8, 15.2, 14.5, 14, 13.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 48, 54, 54, 58, 64, 43, 48, 41, 30, 35, 51, 56 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 8, 8.2, 9.8, 13, 15, 10.6, 10.6, 10.8, 6.4, 6.6, 8.2, 8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 115, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1.6, 2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1.4, 2.8, 4.6, 4, 2.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 3, 4.6, 2.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1, 3.2, 2, 4.4, 4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.6, 1, 2, 2, 3.2, 3, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 1.4, 2, 3, 1.2, 1.4, 2.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 1.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.4, 1.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 2, 1, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 3.4, 2.8, 4, 2.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, 2, 1.6, 3.6, 2.4, 1.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 3.6, 3.2, 1.4, 2.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 1.8, 4, 4.2, 3.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 2.4, 2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.4, 2, 3.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 7.2, 13, 1.2, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 25, 21.8, 26.2, 18, 8.8, 0, 0, 0, 5, 19.8, 24.8, 27 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 1, 2.8, 10.4, 24.2, 29, 29.8, 27.8, 19.6, 7.4, 4.2, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 9.4, 10.8, 10.4, 12.4, 12.2, 5, 6.4, 5.4, 2.8, 3.8, 9.8, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.8, 6.4, 17.2, 28.8, 31, 31, 25.2, 11.2, 1.8, 1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.6, 3.8, 17.2, 28.6, 30.6, 30.8, 25.4, 11, 0.2, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:21:32.161Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=30.26715&longitude=-97.74306&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1467, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "14,300 works by 247 institutions in Austin" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 47, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Austin Bergstrom International Airport (AUS), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 3, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "AUS, Austin Executive Airport, GRK" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 17, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "miami-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0390/Sections/0390.0111.html", "note": "On request to 6 weeks; to 15 weeks after rape, incest or trafficking; later only to save her life or avert a serious risk of substantial and irreversible physical impairment, or for a fatal fetal abnormality before the third trimester (Florida Statutes s. 390.0111; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 8.4, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 29, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 61, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 9, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 7.8%, bicycle 1.2% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 55.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1790, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±106" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2597, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±279" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcmiami" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 0, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 25 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 20.1, "note": "Miami urban centre (5,733,042 people, 2025): nearest edge 20.1 km to the west; half the directions over land end within 29.3 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 31.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Miami%22&per_page=1", "note": "15,215 accounts whose location names \"Miami\", over 487,014 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 210, 221, 272, 286, 306, 270, 294, 267, 255, 234, 225, 209 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.493Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72202.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Miami International Airport, 12 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 3049, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.493Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72202.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Miami International Airport, 12 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 66.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 1,213,902 tests (Miami, US-FL)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.863Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-FL" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.825Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 23.9, 25.4, 26.8, 27.5, 29.7, 29.7, 31.1, 31.6, 30.3, 28.8, 26.9, 25.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 16.9, 19.2, 20.1, 21.4, 23.4, 24.4, 25.6, 25.7, 24.5, 23.2, 20.9, 19.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 24.2, 26.4, 27.8, 29.3, 33.3, 34.7, 36.7, 36.8, 35.9, 31.9, 28.6, 25.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 16.1, 19.5, 20.4, 22.2, 25.9, 27.9, 29.9, 30.1, 28.6, 25.6, 21.8, 19.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 20.6, 22.9, 24.5, 25.8, 27.6, 28, 29.1, 29.8, 28.7, 27.3, 24.4, 22.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 26.7, 27.3, 28.6, 29.1, 32.1, 31.3, 32.7, 33.4, 31.8, 30.6, 28.8, 27.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 11, 13.5, 15.8, 18.3, 21.4, 22.6, 24.3, 24.2, 23.2, 20.4, 15.9, 14.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 22.5, 22.6, 23.5, 23.9, 25.8, 26.3, 27, 27.2, 26, 25.6, 24.5, 23 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 28, 30, 31.5, 31.9, 36.2, 33.6, 34.3, 34.5, 33.1, 33.2, 30.2, 28.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 4.5, 6.8, 11.6, 12.4, 18.8, 20.7, 22.6, 23.1, 19.2, 15, 9.6, 7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 19.3, 19, 18.7, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 17.9, 17.8, 17.8, 18.6, 20, 21.3, 22.4, 23.1, 23.4, 23.5, 23.3, 23, 22.4, 21.4, 20.6, 20.3, 19.8, 19.5, 21.1, 20.9, 20.6, 20.4, 20.2, 20.1, 19.9, 19.8, 19.9, 21.1, 22.4, 23.5, 24.3, 24.9, 25.1, 25.2, 25, 24.6, 24, 23.2, 22.4, 22.1, 21.8, 21.5, 22, 21.8, 21.5, 21.2, 21, 20.8, 20.7, 20.6, 21, 22.5, 23.8, 24.9, 25.7, 26.2, 26.4, 26.3, 26.1, 25.7, 25.1, 24.4, 23.4, 23.1, 22.7, 22.3, 23.1, 22.8, 22.6, 22.4, 22.2, 22, 21.9, 21.8, 22.9, 24.4, 25.3, 26.2, 26.7, 27, 27.1, 27, 26.7, 26.4, 25.9, 25.1, 24.4, 23.9, 23.6, 23.3, 25, 24.8, 24.6, 24.4, 24.1, 24, 23.7, 23.8, 25.3, 26.7, 27.7, 28.6, 29.1, 29.3, 29.2, 29, 28.8, 28.4, 27.9, 27.2, 26.4, 26, 25.7, 25.4, 25.9, 25.7, 25.5, 25.3, 25.2, 25.1, 24.9, 25.1, 26.2, 27.4, 28, 28.6, 28.9, 29, 28.9, 28.8, 28.8, 28.6, 28.3, 27.7, 27, 26.5, 26.2, 26, 26.9, 26.7, 26.6, 26.5, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 26.2, 27.3, 28.5, 29.3, 29.9, 30.4, 30.6, 30.6, 30.4, 30.3, 30.1, 29.6, 29, 28.2, 27.7, 27.4, 27.1, 27.3, 27.1, 26.9, 26.7, 26.6, 26.5, 26.4, 26.3, 27.3, 28.7, 29.6, 30.3, 30.9, 31.1, 31, 30.8, 30.5, 30.2, 29.6, 29, 28.3, 27.9, 27.6, 27.4, 25.8, 25.7, 25.6, 25.5, 25.4, 25.3, 25.1, 25, 26, 27.4, 28.3, 29.1, 29.6, 29.8, 29.8, 29.5, 29, 28.7, 28.2, 27.4, 26.6, 26.5, 26.1, 26, 24.7, 24.5, 24.4, 24.3, 24.1, 24, 23.8, 23.7, 24.3, 25.6, 26.7, 27.5, 28, 28.3, 28.5, 28.3, 27.9, 27.4, 26.8, 25.9, 25.5, 25.3, 25.1, 24.9, 22.9, 22.6, 22.3, 22.1, 21.9, 21.8, 21.6, 21.5, 21.6, 22.9, 24.2, 25.4, 26.1, 26.5, 26.5, 26.5, 26.2, 25.7, 25, 24.2, 23.9, 23.7, 23.3, 23.1, 21.2, 21, 20.7, 20.5, 20.3, 20.1, 20, 19.9, 20, 20.8, 22, 23.2, 24.1, 24.6, 24.8, 24.8, 24.6, 24.1, 23.4, 22.6, 22.2, 22, 21.7, 21.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 53, 40, 44, 45, 45, 67, 64, 62, 68, 53, 53, 52 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 10.4, 11, 11, 11.8, 14.6, 22.8, 20.6, 25, 24.4, 18.2, 11.6, 11.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 193, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 3, 3, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 1, 2.4, 1.8, 1.6, 1.6, 2.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 2.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 2.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 2.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 4, 3.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.8, 2.4, 2.4, 3.4, 2.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 2.4, 4.2, 3.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 2.6, 3.6, 2.8, 1.6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2.2, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.8, 2.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 1.6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.2, 2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 2.2, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 2.2, 8, 6.6, 9.4, 6.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.8, 7, 6.8, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 21.2, 13.4, 15.6, 8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 3.6, 9.4, 13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 11.2, 15.8, 15, 17, 27.8, 30, 31, 31, 30, 27.6, 19.8, 15.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 8.2, 3, 3.8, 3.8, 4, 11.6, 10.8, 10.2, 13.2, 8.4, 8.2, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 8.2, 15.4, 18.6, 24, 29.2, 30, 31, 31, 29.8, 28.2, 20.4, 17.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 1.6, 4.4, 21.6, 26.8, 30.6, 30.4, 29, 16.2, 3.8, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:23:13.760Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.77427&longitude=-80.19366&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1693, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "8,247 works by 123 institutions in Miami" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 50, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 10, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Miami International Airport (MIA), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MIA, OPF, FLL, BIM" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 22, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "chicago-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3974", "note": "On request until viability (Reproductive Health Act, 775 ILCS 55; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 25.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 33.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 21.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 9.5, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 7.9%, bicycle 1.6% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 56.5, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1565, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±56" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 1802, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±67" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 933, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 183 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 18.2, "note": "Chicago urban centre (5,318,735 people, 2025): nearest edge 18.2 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 24.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 19.3, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Chicago%22&per_page=1", "note": "51,458 accounts whose location names \"Chicago\", over 2,664,452 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 134, 140, 190, 218, 285, 304, 326, 293, 232, 195, 106, 91 ], "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.587Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72534.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Chicago Midway Airport, 11 km away at 189 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2515, "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.587Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72534.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Chicago Midway Airport, 11 km away at 189 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 61.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,357,138 tests (Chicago, US-IL)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.882Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-IL" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.970Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -0.2, 2.3, 9.1, 14, 19.4, 26.5, 27.1, 26.8, 24, 17.6, 9.5, 3.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -7, -6.3, 0.4, 4.9, 10.5, 17.1, 19.3, 19.1, 16.1, 9.9, 2.3, -2.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -5.3, -2.7, 4.9, 10.7, 18.1, 26.9, 29.3, 28.5, 23.7, 15, 5.4, -0.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -12.5, -12, -4.6, 0.7, 7.8, 16.4, 20.1, 19.9, 15.2, 6.9, -2.2, -8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -7.9, -7.7, 1.9, 6, 11.5, 20, 22.1, 22.2, 18.2, 11.4, 1.9, -3.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 5.5, 11.5, 18.7, 23.7, 28.5, 33.4, 31.9, 32, 30.3, 24.6, 16.9, 11 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -16.6, -16.3, -4.6, 0, 5.9, 12.4, 16.4, 15.7, 11.8, 3.9, -4.2, -11.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 0.1, 1.2, 6.4, 11.9, 16.3, 22.2, 22.4, 22.8, 19.6, 16.4, 8.5, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 12.7, 21.8, 24.2, 29.8, 32.3, 37.4, 35, 37, 34.6, 30.5, 21.6, 17.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -24.9, -21.9, -12.3, -4.8, 2.4, 8.5, 13.7, 11.1, 8.1, -2.2, -10.2, -23.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -4.1, -4.3, -4.5, -4.7, -4.9, -5, -5.2, -5.1, -5.1, -4.9, -4.3, -3.5, -2.7, -2, -1.5, -1.3, -1.3, -1.7, -2.5, -3, -3.3, -3.5, -3.8, -4, -2.9, -3.2, -3.5, -3.8, -4.1, -4.3, -4.6, -4.6, -4.6, -3.9, -2.9, -1.7, -0.6, 0.3, 0.8, 1.1, 1.1, 0.7, -0.2, -1.4, -1.6, -1.9, -2.2, -2.5, 3.3, 3, 2.7, 2.4, 2.1, 1.9, 1.6, 1.7, 2.4, 3.4, 4.5, 5.7, 6.7, 7.5, 7.9, 8.1, 7.9, 7.5, 6.7, 5.3, 4.7, 4.3, 4, 3.6, 7.9, 7.6, 7.2, 6.9, 6.7, 6.4, 6.1, 6.6, 7.8, 8.9, 10, 10.9, 11.7, 12.3, 12.7, 12.9, 12.8, 12.5, 11.9, 10.6, 9.7, 9.3, 8.9, 8.5, 13, 12.6, 12.3, 12, 11.7, 11.5, 11.5, 12.7, 14, 15.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.7, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.2, 17.8, 17.2, 16, 14.8, 14.2, 13.8, 13.5, 19.5, 19.1, 18.7, 18.4, 18.1, 17.9, 18, 19.1, 20.3, 21.6, 22.9, 23.8, 24.4, 24.9, 25.3, 25.4, 25.4, 25.1, 24.4, 23.4, 22.1, 21.1, 20.5, 20, 21.3, 21, 20.7, 20.4, 20.1, 19.9, 19.9, 20.9, 21.9, 23, 24, 24.8, 25.5, 26, 26.3, 26.3, 26.3, 26, 25.6, 24.5, 23.4, 22.6, 22.2, 21.7, 21.2, 20.9, 20.5, 20.2, 19.9, 19.7, 19.5, 20.3, 21.2, 22.3, 23.6, 24.6, 25.3, 25.9, 26.2, 26.2, 26.1, 25.8, 25.4, 24.3, 23.1, 22.4, 22, 21.6, 18.6, 18.2, 17.8, 17.4, 17.1, 16.8, 16.5, 16.9, 17.6, 19, 20.3, 21.5, 22.4, 23.1, 23.5, 23.6, 23.5, 23.1, 22.3, 21, 20.2, 19.8, 19.3, 18.9, 12.8, 12.3, 11.9, 11.6, 11.4, 11.1, 10.9, 11, 11.3, 12.5, 13.8, 15, 16, 16.7, 17.1, 17.1, 16.8, 16.3, 15.1, 14.4, 13.9, 13.5, 13.2, 12.8, 5.1, 4.8, 4.5, 4.3, 4, 3.9, 3.7, 3.7, 3.6, 4.4, 5.4, 6.5, 7.4, 8.2, 8.6, 8.7, 8.5, 7.8, 6.8, 6.3, 5.9, 5.6, 5.3, 5.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, -0.8, -0.9, -1.1, -1, -1, -0.8, -0.1, 0.7, 1.5, 2.2, 2.6, 2.7, 2.6, 2, 1.3, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, 0.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 72, 60, 64, 64, 64, 51, 52, 48, 44, 51, 61, 76 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 10, 7.4, 11.8, 13, 10.6, 9.4, 12, 10.2, 7.4, 11, 7, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 120, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 6.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.2, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 2.2, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 0.6, 2, 1.8, 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 5.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.8, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2, 2.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8, 2.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.8, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.8, 6.6, 6.6, 3.2, 1.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0.6, 2.8, 9.2, 18.8, 27.8, 20.2, 13.8, 15.6, 26.4, 28, 14.4, 4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 8.4, 17.2, 16, 2.4, 0.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.8, 10.8, 14.8, 15.6, 14.6, 7.6, 8, 6.8, 6.2, 9.6, 12.6, 19.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 7.8, 11.8, 10.8, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 5.8, 9.8, 7.8, 1.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 5.8, 3.6, 2.8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 2.2, 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 2.4, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:24:55.230Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=41.85003&longitude=-87.65005&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1432, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "38,163 works by 537 institutions in Chicago" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 47, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 11, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chicago Midway International Airport (MDW), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MDW, ORD, GYY, MGC" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 75, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 16, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "denver-us": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb22-1279", "note": "A fundamental right in state law, which sets no gestational limit (Reproductive Health Equity Act, C.R.S. 25-6-401 to 25-6-406; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 4.6, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 25.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 15.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 6.9, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 4.6%, bicycle 2.3% of workers who commute" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 63.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1708, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±60" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2469, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±271" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1171, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 31, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "2653 m at 39.82, -105.33; the centre sits at about 1620 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 10.3, "note": "Denver urban centre (2,425,086 people, 2025): nearest edge 10.3 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 17.8 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 34.4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Denver%22&per_page=1", "note": "25,044 accounts whose location names \"Denver\", over 729,019 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 206, 199, 242, 260, 279, 303, 313, 287, 263, 238, 189, 190 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.625Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72469.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Denver / Stapleton International, Co., 11 km away at 1626 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2969, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.625Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/72469.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Denver / Stapleton International, Co., 11 km away at 1626 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 56.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,249,630 tests (Denver, US-CO)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.902Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-CO" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.086Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 3.5, 5.7, 11.1, 16.6, 21.3, 28.7, 32.2, 31.1, 28.2, 20.4, 12.1, 9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -10.3, -9.9, -4.2, 0.6, 6.3, 12.7, 16, 15.6, 10.9, 4.6, -2.2, -4.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -0.7, 1.7, 7.6, 13.3, 19.3, 27.8, 31.5, 30.5, 26, 16.7, 8.1, 5.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -15, -14.6, -8.5, -3.3, 3.5, 11, 15, 14.5, 8.8, 1.4, -6.1, -8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -4.2, -4.2, 1.9, 6.2, 14.3, 21, 27, 25.4, 21.9, 13, 3.1, 1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 11.3, 15.4, 18.9, 24.8, 27.4, 35.2, 36.2, 35.6, 33.2, 27.5, 21.6, 16.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -17.4, -18.2, -9.7, -4.8, 2, 9.2, 13.2, 13.1, 7.3, 0.3, -7.8, -9.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ -4.3, -3.7, 0.7, 5.2, 9.5, 16.4, 19, 18.4, 14.7, 9.1, 3.1, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 16.1, 19.1, 24.6, 30.7, 31.5, 38.7, 38.7, 38.3, 36.6, 31.4, 26.9, 22.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -36.5, -27.8, -21.9, -12.3, -2.5, 4.5, 9.7, 10.8, 4.6, -16.5, -12.3, -26.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -6.7, -7, -7, -7.2, -7.4, -7.6, -7.6, -7.7, -7.8, -7.4, -5.2, -2.5, -0.2, 1.4, 2.3, 2.7, 2.5, 1.1, -1.3, -2.1, -3.4, -4.7, -5.6, -6.2, -6.2, -6.7, -6.9, -7.3, -7.5, -7.6, -7.8, -7.9, -8, -6.6, -3.5, -0.5, 1.8, 3.4, 4.4, 4.8, 4.8, 4.1, 1.5, -0.8, -2.2, -3.8, -5, -5.7, -0.5, -1.1, -1.6, -2.2, -2.5, -2.8, -2.9, -3, -2.1, 0.5, 3.4, 6, 7.9, 9.2, 10.1, 10.6, 10.7, 10.2, 8.7, 6.2, 4.3, 2.6, 1.4, 0.5, 4.5, 3.8, 3.1, 2.6, 2.1, 1.7, 1.4, 1.8, 4, 7, 9.6, 11.7, 13.3, 14.5, 15.4, 15.9, 16.1, 15.6, 14.5, 12.3, 10, 8.3, 6.8, 5.7, 10, 9.2, 8.5, 7.9, 7.4, 6.9, 6.9, 8.4, 10.7, 13.1, 15.3, 17.1, 18.6, 19.6, 20.2, 20.4, 20.4, 19.9, 18.7, 17.3, 15.1, 13.6, 12.3, 11.1, 16.9, 16, 15.1, 14.4, 13.7, 13.1, 13.2, 14.9, 17.4, 20, 22.5, 24.5, 26, 27, 27.6, 27.8, 27.9, 27.4, 26.2, 25, 23, 21, 19.5, 18.2, 20.3, 19.3, 18.4, 17.7, 17.1, 16.5, 16.3, 17.7, 20.3, 23.3, 26.1, 28.3, 29.8, 30.8, 31.3, 31.4, 31.1, 30.6, 29.1, 28.1, 26.2, 24.4, 22.9, 21.5, 19.8, 18.9, 18, 17.3, 16.7, 16.2, 15.9, 16.5, 18.7, 21.7, 24.5, 26.8, 28.5, 29.5, 30.3, 30.5, 30.2, 29.6, 28.3, 26.8, 24.7, 23.2, 21.9, 20.8, 15.5, 14.5, 13.8, 13.1, 12.4, 11.9, 11.6, 11.3, 13.6, 17.2, 20.7, 23.3, 25.2, 26.5, 27.3, 27.6, 27.3, 26.8, 25.2, 22.8, 20.9, 19.2, 17.8, 16.4, 8.7, 7.8, 7.1, 6.6, 6.1, 5.6, 5.4, 5.1, 6.3, 9.2, 12.5, 15.4, 17.3, 18.7, 19.6, 19.9, 19.7, 18.9, 16.4, 14.3, 12.8, 11.4, 10.2, 9.2, 1.1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.1, -0.3, -0.6, -1, -1.2, -1.2, 0.7, 3.5, 6.5, 8.9, 10.5, 11.5, 11.8, 11.5, 9.8, 7.4, 6.1, 4.6, 3.3, 2.4, 1.7, -1.6, -1.8, -2, -2.2, -2.4, -2.4, -2.8, -2.7, -2.8, -2.2, 0.3, 3.2, 5.8, 7.5, 8.5, 8.7, 8, 5.7, 3.6, 2.5, 1.1, -0.1, -0.8, -1.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 56, 49, 56, 50, 54, 45, 39, 39, 32, 33, 51, 56 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 5, 5.8, 8.4, 6.2, 11.8, 7.6, 6.4, 7.6, 5, 3.8, 4.2, 3.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 75, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 5.6, 1, 2.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 1.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 2.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1.8, 3, 3.2, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 2.2, 3, 1, 2.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.6, 2, 1.4, 1.8, 2.6, 2.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.6, 3.4, 1, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1.6, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 2, 2.2, 2.2, 2, 1, 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 2.2, 1.6, 2.8, 1.8, 2.4, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 1.4, 0.8, 1.4, 1.2, 2, 1.8, 2.6, 1.8, 2.4, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 2.6, 2.2, 2.2, 1, 2.2, 1, 1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 1.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7.8, 10.6, 12.4, 5, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 4.6, 8.6, 18.2, 24.4, 28.8, 29.8, 30.2, 30.8, 29.8, 29.2, 19, 15 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 10.4, 7, 10.8, 6.6, 10.2, 6.2, 3, 4, 3, 3.2, 7.2, 9.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5.8, 16.4, 11.2, 2.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 4.4, 4.8, 5.2, 2.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.4, 2.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:26:36.834Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=39.73915&longitude=-104.9847&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1083, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "7,892 works by 176 institutions in Denver" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 42, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 30, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Denver International Airport (DEN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 2, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "BJC, DEN" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 24, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "toronto-ca": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do", "note": "No criminal law restricts it since the Supreme Court struck the provision down; provinces regulate care (R v Morgentaler, [1988] 1 SCR 30; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 87, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html", "note": "Marriage: Civil Marriage Act, S.C. 2005, c. 33, s. 2 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frctoronto" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 531, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 161 m) within 300 km" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 19.7, "note": "Toronto urban centre (5,566,382 people, 2025): nearest edge 19.7 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 22.8 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 27, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Toronto%22&per_page=1", "note": "75,370 accounts whose location names \"Toronto\", over 2,794,356 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/portfolio/labour/bulletin/march-2026.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "Federal baseline: 2 weeks after 1 year, 3 after 5 years and 4 after 10; provincial rules and service entitlements differ (Employment and Social Development Canada: Labour Bulletin, March 2026)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 87, 110, 145, 179, 221, 256, 281, 257, 197, 153, 82, 77 ], "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.663Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71508.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Toronto City, 4 km away at 112 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2045, "period": "1961-1990", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.663Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71508.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Toronto City, 4 km away at 112 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 58.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 1,929,262 tests (Toronto, CA-ON)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.923Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CA", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in CA-ON" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 7324, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 13707, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 4970, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 9006, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2216, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2743, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.159Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 20.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.4, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -0.5, 0.8, 6.1, 11.4, 18.1, 23.9, 26.2, 25.4, 22.1, 15.8, 8.1, 3.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -6.8, -7.4, -2.3, 2.8, 8.8, 15.2, 17.6, 17.4, 14.3, 8.6, 1.6, -2.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -5.3, -4.2, 1.9, 8.5, 17.2, 24.3, 27.8, 26.6, 21.9, 13.6, 4.2, -1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -12, -12.6, -7.3, -1.5, 6.1, 14, 17.8, 17.4, 13.3, 5.9, -2.5, -7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -6.3, -5.9, -0.2, 5.5, 11.4, 19.6, 22.7, 21.1, 18.3, 10.1, 2, -2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 4.2, 7.9, 12.9, 17.5, 24.6, 28.6, 29.8, 29.5, 25.7, 21.7, 13.4, 8.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -15.6, -14, -8, -2, 4.3, 11.1, 14.3, 13.2, 10.3, 3.1, -3.7, -9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ -0.3, -1.5, 3.1, 7.4, 13.8, 19.8, 20.9, 21.4, 17.9, 15.2, 6.9, 3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 6.8, 15, 19.3, 25.5, 29.6, 35.9, 32.8, 31.6, 31.9, 26.4, 20.4, 14.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -22.7, -25.1, -20.1, -5.6, 0.8, 7, 11.3, 10.4, 6.5, -1.6, -7.7, -17 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -3.8, -4, -4.2, -4.4, -4.5, -4.7, -4.9, -5, -4.8, -4.7, -4.2, -3.4, -2.7, -2.1, -1.8, -1.6, -1.6, -1.9, -2.5, -3.1, -3.4, -3.6, -3.7, -3.9, -4.1, -4.4, -4.6, -4.7, -4.9, -5.1, -5.3, -5.3, -5.1, -4.7, -3.9, -2.9, -1.9, -1.2, -0.7, -0.4, -0.4, -0.7, -1.4, -2.5, -2.9, -3.2, -3.5, -3.7, 0.4, 0.2, 0, -0.2, -0.3, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7, -0.4, 0.7, 1.7, 2.8, 3.7, 4.4, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 4.8, 4.2, 3.1, 2, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 5.4, 5.1, 4.8, 4.6, 4.3, 4, 3.7, 3.8, 5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.4, 9.1, 9.7, 10.2, 10.6, 10.6, 10.5, 9.9, 8.9, 7.6, 7, 6.6, 6, 11.4, 10.9, 10.6, 10.2, 9.9, 9.6, 9.4, 10.2, 11.8, 13.5, 14.7, 15.6, 16.2, 16.6, 17, 17.3, 17.3, 17.1, 16.5, 15.8, 14.7, 13.5, 12.7, 12.1, 17.6, 17.1, 16.7, 16.4, 16, 15.8, 15.7, 16.4, 17.8, 19.2, 20.3, 21.2, 21.8, 22.4, 22.9, 23.2, 23.2, 22.9, 22.4, 21.8, 20.8, 19.5, 18.8, 18.2, 20.2, 19.7, 19.3, 18.8, 18.4, 18.1, 17.9, 18.7, 20.2, 21.7, 23, 23.9, 24.5, 24.9, 25.3, 25.6, 25.7, 25.5, 25.2, 24.6, 23.5, 22.2, 21.3, 20.8, 19.7, 19.3, 18.9, 18.6, 18.3, 18, 17.7, 18, 19.3, 20.8, 22.2, 23.3, 24, 24.4, 24.7, 24.9, 25, 24.8, 24.4, 23.6, 22.3, 21.4, 20.8, 20.2, 16.6, 16.2, 16, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 15, 14.9, 15.7, 17.1, 18.5, 19.7, 20.6, 21.2, 21.4, 21.6, 21.5, 21.2, 20.5, 19.5, 18.4, 17.9, 17.4, 16.9, 11, 10.7, 10.4, 10.1, 10, 9.8, 9.7, 9.6, 9.8, 10.9, 12.2, 13.3, 14.2, 14.8, 15.2, 15.4, 15.2, 14.8, 13.9, 12.9, 12.4, 12.1, 11.6, 11.3, 4.3, 4, 3.8, 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, 3.1, 3, 3.1, 3.6, 4.6, 5.7, 6.4, 6.9, 7.3, 7.3, 7.2, 6.7, 5.7, 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.2, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7, -0.8, -0.9, -0.8, -0.6, -0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.3, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0, -0.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 79, 69, 68, 67, 61, 57, 48, 49, 47, 57, 66, 81 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 9, 8.8, 10.8, 13.2, 10, 10.6, 12.2, 10, 8.4, 11.2, 9.4, 12.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 126, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 4.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.2, 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 0, 1.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 3, 0.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 0.2, 0, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 3.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 2, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 2.2, 2.6, 1.8, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 2.2, 2.2, 1.2, 2.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 6.6, 4.6, 1.8, 0.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 1.4, 8, 18.6, 29.6, 26.2, 22.2, 22.4, 28.6, 26.8, 10.6, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.4, 10.2, 9.4, 2.2, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 19.6, 13.2, 15.2, 14.2, 12, 10, 6, 7.6, 7, 11, 15.2, 21.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 5.4, 6.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 5, 3.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 5.2, 6.4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:28:18.561Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=43.70643&longitude=-79.39864&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2188, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "61,154 works by 572 institutions in Toronto" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 54, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "YTZ, YYZ, YCM, YHM, IAG, YKF, YLK" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.5, "period": "2025-04-28", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovrGE45/62/table8E.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 28 Apr 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Liberal Party of Canada 49.2% (5.1), Conservative Party of Canada 43.8% (8.7), New Democratic Party 4.8% (2.5), Green Party of Canada 1.1% (1.9), People's Party of Canada 0.7% (8.7, party-family average), Christian Heritage Party of Canada 0.1% (no position). Parties with a position took 100% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 31, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 44, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.3, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.82, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.59, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CAN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 90.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.98, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 974, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "vancouver-ca": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do", "note": "No criminal law restricts it since the Supreme Court struck the provision down; provinces regulate care (R v Morgentaler, [1988] 1 SCR 30; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 87, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html", "note": "Marriage: Civil Marriage Act, S.C. 2005, c. 33, s. 2 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcvancouver/" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 4, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 15, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1140 m at 49.38, -123.08; the centre sits at about 77 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 5.2, "note": "Vancouver urban centre (2,198,107 people, 2025): nearest edge 5.2 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 11.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 54.9, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Vancouver%22&per_page=1", "note": "36,363 accounts whose location names \"Vancouver\", over 662,248 residents; less 271 naming Vancouver Island; the count includes the few naming Vancouver in United States (2% of profiles naming a country)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/portfolio/labour/bulletin/march-2026.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "Federal baseline: 2 weeks after 1 year, 3 after 5 years and 4 after 10; provincial rules and service entitlements differ (Employment and Social Development Canada: Labour Bulletin, March 2026)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 58, 97, 130, 182, 230, 222, 298, 281, 216, 121, 65, 48 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.750Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71892.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Vancouver International Airport, 8 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1947, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.750Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71892.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Vancouver International Airport, 8 km away at 4 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 72.9, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 588,782 tests (Vancouver, CA-BC)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.943Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CA", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in CA-BC" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 7324, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 13707, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 4970, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 9006, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2216, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2743, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.232Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 20.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.4, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 6.1, 5.8, 8.9, 11.5, 15.5, 19.2, 23, 22.8, 18.8, 13.3, 8.3, 5.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 1.5, 0.9, 3, 4.9, 8.8, 12.3, 15.1, 15.5, 12.6, 8.2, 3.9, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 3.2, 2.6, 6.2, 9, 14.4, 19, 23.6, 23.3, 18.4, 11.8, 5.8, 3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -2, -2.9, -0.5, 1.7, 6.4, 10.8, 14.6, 15.2, 11.6, 5.9, 0.7, -2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 3.1, 0.8, 5.9, 8, 11.6, 15.1, 19.7, 19.3, 14.6, 9.6, 5.2, 2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 9.4, 9.3, 11.7, 16, 19.7, 23.7, 27.1, 26.5, 22.8, 18.5, 11.3, 10 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -1.9, -4.5, 0, 1.8, 5.9, 9.4, 13, 13.1, 9.9, 4.7, 0.5, -3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 5.6, 5, 5.8, 8, 11.7, 15, 17.1, 17.8, 15.1, 11.7, 7.7, 5.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 14.3, 13.1, 17.9, 19.9, 27.6, 36.4, 30.6, 30.5, 26.1, 22.3, 14.3, 13.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -14.1, -9.1, -4.7, -0.6, 3.3, 7.3, 11.5, 10.1, 6.1, -0.7, -3.4, -13.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 3.4, 3.3, 3.1, 3, 2.8, 2.8, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.9, 3.3, 4, 4.6, 5.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.6, 4.9, 4.2, 4, 3.9, 3.7, 3.7, 3.5, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 2, 2.2, 2.1, 1.9, 2.1, 2.9, 3.7, 4.4, 4.9, 5.3, 5.5, 5.5, 5, 4.4, 3.7, 3.4, 3.2, 2.9, 2.8, 4.6, 4.5, 4.3, 4.1, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 5.9, 6.7, 7.4, 7.9, 8.2, 8.5, 8.5, 8.3, 7.8, 6.8, 6, 5.6, 5.3, 4.9, 6.6, 6.3, 6.1, 5.9, 5.7, 5.7, 5.7, 5.9, 6.8, 7.8, 8.7, 9.4, 10, 10.4, 10.7, 10.9, 10.9, 10.9, 10.5, 9.7, 8.6, 7.9, 7.5, 7.1, 10.6, 10.3, 9.9, 9.6, 9.4, 9.4, 9.5, 10.2, 11, 11.8, 12.6, 13.2, 13.7, 14.2, 14.6, 14.9, 15, 14.9, 14.7, 14.1, 13.3, 12.3, 11.7, 11.2, 14.2, 13.8, 13.4, 13.1, 12.8, 12.8, 13, 13.6, 14.4, 15.3, 16, 16.7, 17.2, 17.7, 18.2, 18.6, 18.7, 18.6, 18.2, 17.8, 17.1, 16.2, 15.4, 14.8, 17.7, 17, 16.4, 16, 15.6, 15.5, 15.3, 16.1, 17.1, 18.3, 19.3, 20.3, 21, 21.5, 22.1, 22.6, 22.7, 22.3, 22, 21.6, 20.9, 19.9, 19.2, 18.4, 17.7, 17.3, 16.9, 16.5, 16.3, 16.2, 15.8, 16, 16.9, 18, 19.1, 20, 20.7, 21.3, 21.9, 22.4, 22.5, 22, 21.6, 21, 20, 19.2, 18.7, 18.2, 14.5, 14.2, 14.1, 13.9, 13.7, 13.5, 13.2, 13.2, 13.8, 14.8, 15.7, 16.6, 17.3, 17.8, 18.1, 18.4, 18.4, 18.1, 17.5, 16.5, 15.7, 15.3, 14.9, 14.6, 10, 9.9, 9.8, 9.6, 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.9, 10.6, 11.4, 12.1, 12.6, 12.9, 13, 12.9, 12.5, 11.6, 11, 10.6, 10.4, 10.2, 10, 5.7, 5.7, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.3, 5.9, 6.6, 7.2, 7.6, 7.9, 7.9, 7.6, 7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 6, 5.8, 5.7, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.3, 3.2, 3.2, 3, 3, 3, 3.3, 3.9, 4.4, 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5, 4.3, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 80, 77, 75, 63, 60, 55, 34, 42, 51, 68, 80, 84 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 17.6, 15, 17.2, 13, 10.8, 10, 2.8, 6, 9.8, 15.8, 18.2, 21.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 158, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 2, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.4, 3.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 2, 1, 0.6, 1.6, 1.4, 2.2, 1.6, 2.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 1.6, 2, 0.8, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 2, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 2, 1, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2.2, 3.4, 4, 4.4, 1, 2.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1.8, 2, 1, 1.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.2, 1.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.6, 1.4, 2, 2.4, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 4, 5.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 5, 5.8, 15.8, 22.8, 28.8, 28.6, 29.8, 30.4, 29, 25.8, 12.2, 6.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 22.2, 17.6, 19, 13.8, 11.4, 10, 3.4, 5.4, 8.2, 15.4, 19.2, 21.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.6, 3.6, 2.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.2, 5.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:29:59.817Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=49.24966&longitude=-123.11934&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3873, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "25,646 works by 288 institutions in Vancouver" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 64, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 8, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Vancouver International Airport (YVR), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "YVR, Pitt Meadows Regional Airport, YCD, YXX, ESD, BLI, YYJ, FRD, XQU" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 6.1, "period": "2025-04-28", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovrGE45/62/table8E.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 28 Apr 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Liberal Party of Canada 41.8% (5.1), Conservative Party of Canada 41.2% (8.7), New Democratic Party 13% (2.5), Green Party of Canada 3% (1.9), People's Party of Canada 0.4% (8.7, party-family average), Independent 0.4% (no position). Parties with a position took 99% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 16, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.3, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.82, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.59, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CAN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 90.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.98, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 974, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "montreal-ca": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do", "note": "No criminal law restricts it since the Supreme Court struck the provision down; provinces regulate care (R v Morgentaler, [1988] 1 SCR 30; stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 87, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html", "note": "Marriage: Civil Marriage Act, S.C. 2005, c. 33, s. 2 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frc_montreal" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 329, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 129, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1329 m at 44.37, -73.90; the centre sits at about 231 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 11.3, "note": "Montreal urban centre (3,221,844 people, 2025): nearest edge 11.3 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 15.4 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 16, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Montreal%22&per_page=1", "note": "28,278 accounts whose location names \"Montreal\", over 1,762,949 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/portfolio/labour/bulletin/march-2026.html", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "Federal baseline: 2 weeks after 1 year, 3 after 5 years and 4 after 10; provincial rules and service entitlements differ (Employment and Social Development Canada: Labour Bulletin, March 2026)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 102, 129, 171, 189, 240, 257, 269, 256, 208, 133, 92, 79 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.877Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71627.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Montreal International Airport, 13 km away at 36 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2124, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.877Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/71627.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Montreal International Airport, 13 km away at 36 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 53.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 950,295 tests (Montreal, CA-QC)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.963Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/CA", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in CA-QC" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 7324, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 13707, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 4970, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 9006, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 2216, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 2743, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.399Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/CAN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 20.1, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 2, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.862Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.4, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ -5.9, -4.1, 3, 10.9, 18.4, 23.4, 25.1, 24.3, 20.3, 14.2, 4.8, -1.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ -13.7, -13.3, -6.3, 0.4, 7.9, 14, 16.8, 15.9, 12, 6.3, -1.3, -8.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ -10.7, -9.1, -1.6, 7.2, 16.6, 23, 26, 24.8, 19.6, 11.6, 0.7, -6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -18.9, -18.7, -11.4, -3.9, 4.9, 12.7, 16.9, 15.7, 10.7, 3.5, -5.6, -13.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ -14, -11.9, -5.5, 4.1, 11.9, 18.1, 21.5, 19.7, 15.6, 8.5, -1, -9.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 0.2, 2.7, 11.3, 17.5, 25.1, 28.4, 28.4, 29.2, 24.8, 20.5, 11.3, 5.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -22.4, -21.4, -13.4, -4.6, 3, 9.7, 13.5, 12.6, 8.4, 1.6, -6.5, -16.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ -5.1, -4.6, 0.1, 5.4, 14, 18.3, 19.8, 20.3, 15.4, 12.2, 4.5, -0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 2.6, 13.5, 18.4, 23.8, 29.3, 33.2, 31.7, 33.2, 29.9, 28, 21.4, 11.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -32.6, -31.6, -23.2, -9.6, -0.4, 7.5, 10.9, 9.9, 5, -4.5, -10.4, -23.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ -9.7, -9.9, -10.1, -10.4, -10.6, -10.8, -11, -11.2, -11.2, -11.1, -10.7, -9.9, -9.1, -8.5, -7.9, -7.5, -7.5, -7.9, -8.5, -8.7, -9, -9.2, -9.5, -9.8, -9.1, -9.5, -9.8, -10.1, -10.4, -10.7, -10.8, -11, -10.9, -10.5, -9.8, -8.9, -7.9, -7, -6.3, -5.9, -5.7, -5.9, -6.7, -7.3, -7.6, -7.9, -8.2, -8.6, -3.1, -3.5, -3.8, -4.1, -4.4, -4.7, -4.9, -5.1, -4.5, -3.3, -2.2, -1.1, 0.1, 1, 1.6, 2.1, 2.3, 2, 1.3, -0.2, -1.1, -1.4, -1.8, -2.3, 3.6, 3.1, 2.5, 2, 1.6, 1.3, 1.1, 1.4, 2.7, 4.3, 5.7, 6.9, 8.1, 8.9, 9.6, 9.9, 10, 9.8, 9.1, 7.9, 6.2, 5.7, 5, 4.3, 10.9, 10.3, 9.7, 9.3, 8.8, 8.5, 8.5, 9.3, 10.7, 12.3, 13.6, 14.9, 16, 16.8, 17.4, 17.8, 17.7, 17.5, 17, 15.9, 14.2, 13.3, 12.6, 11.8, 16.4, 15.9, 15.5, 15.1, 14.8, 14.4, 14.6, 15.4, 16.6, 17.9, 19, 20.2, 21.2, 22, 22.3, 22.6, 22.6, 22.3, 22, 21.2, 19.8, 18.6, 17.9, 17.2, 18.9, 18.6, 18.2, 17.7, 17.5, 17.2, 17.2, 18, 19, 20.2, 21.3, 22.3, 23.2, 23.9, 24.3, 24.5, 24.5, 24.3, 23.8, 23, 21.7, 20.6, 20, 19.5, 18.2, 17.8, 17.4, 17.1, 16.9, 16.6, 16.4, 17, 17.8, 18.9, 20.1, 21.3, 22.3, 23, 23.5, 23.8, 23.8, 23.4, 22.9, 21.9, 20.6, 19.8, 19.1, 18.6, 14.3, 13.9, 13.6, 13.3, 13.1, 12.8, 12.6, 12.6, 13.5, 14.5, 15.9, 17.1, 18.3, 19.1, 19.6, 19.9, 19.9, 19.6, 18.7, 17.1, 16.4, 15.7, 15.1, 14.6, 8.8, 8.5, 8.1, 7.9, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 7.7, 8.7, 9.9, 11.1, 12.1, 12.9, 13.5, 13.7, 13.6, 13, 11.7, 10.9, 10.4, 10, 9.6, 9.2, 1, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0, 0.1, 0.7, 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.7, 4.1, 4.2, 3.9, 3.1, 2.4, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, 1.3, 1, -5.5, -5.7, -5.8, -5.9, -6, -6.2, -6.4, -6.5, -6.4, -6.2, -5.6, -5, -4.4, -3.8, -3.4, -3.2, -3.4, -4, -4.4, -4.7, -4.9, -5, -5.3, -5.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 71, 68, 69, 67, 63, 63, 56, 55, 50, 59, 67, 76 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 11.8, 11.4, 12.4, 11.6, 10.8, 13.4, 12.4, 12.4, 8, 11, 11.8, 13.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 141, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 8.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 1.8, 1, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 1, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 1, 0.4, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.8, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 8, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 1.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 1.8, 1.2, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 1, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 1, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 3, 3, 0.8, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 4, 16.2, 28.4, 25.8, 24.6, 24.2, 29.4, 25, 4.4, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 7.4, 5.2, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 17.2, 12.8, 15.2, 14.2, 12.8, 12.2, 8.6, 10.2, 8.4, 12, 14.2, 19.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 2.8, 3.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 9, 6.4, 3.8, 1.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.4, 7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:31:40.793Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=45.50884&longitude=-73.58781&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 2829, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "49,882 works by 436 institutions in Montreal" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 59, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Montreal / Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "YUL, YHU, YMX, PBG" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.2, "period": "2025-04-28", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovrGE45/62/table8E.html", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Commons, 28 Apr 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Liberal Party of Canada 42.6% (5.1), Bloc Québécois 27.7% (3), Conservative Party of Canada 23.3% (8.7), New Democratic Party 4.5% (2.5), Green Party of Canada 0.9% (1.9), People's Party of Canada 0.8% (8.7, party-family average). Parties with a position took 100% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 38, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 70, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.3, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.82, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 6.9, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CA/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.59, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/CAN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 90.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 1.98, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 974, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "singapore-sg": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TPA1974", "note": "On request to 24 weeks after the last period, for citizens, work-pass holders, the wives of either, and women resident for at least 4 months (Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, ss. 3 and 4; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 80, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 1, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/WC1961", "note": "No recognition: a marriage between persons of the same sex is void (Women's Charter 1961, s. 12); the Constitution, Art. 156, lets Parliament define marriage; Penal Code s. 377A, on sex between men, was repealed in 2022 (checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frc_singapore" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 1, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 262, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1062 m at 2.84, 102.07; the centre sits at about 10 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 9.4, "note": "Singapore urban centre (5,117,759 people, 2025): nearest edge 9.4 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 12.2 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 10.7, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Singapore%22&per_page=1", "note": "60,185 accounts whose location names \"Singapore\", over 5,638,700 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave/annual-leave/eligibility-and-entitlement", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "7 days in the first year, one more each year to 14 (MOM: annual leave entitlement)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.984Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/SG", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 28.7, 30.1, 30, 30, 30.4, 29.8, 30.1, 29.5, 29.7, 30.1, 29.6, 29.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 24, 24.4, 24.9, 25.2, 26.1, 25.9, 26.1, 25.5, 25.6, 25.2, 24.6, 24.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 33, 34.3, 35.7, 36.9, 36.6, 35.4, 35, 34.5, 35, 35.8, 35.7, 34.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 27.3, 27.8, 29, 29.9, 30.9, 30.4, 30.4, 29.6, 29.8, 29.6, 28.9, 28.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 26.5, 28.4, 28.1, 28.8, 28.9, 28.1, 28.5, 27.8, 28, 28.3, 28, 27.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 30.6, 32.1, 32.2, 31.2, 32.2, 31.6, 32, 31.5, 31.7, 32.2, 31.1, 31.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 23.5, 23.6, 23.8, 24.3, 24.9, 24.7, 24.5, 24.3, 24.5, 24.3, 24, 23.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 24.6, 25.4, 26.2, 26.2, 27.2, 27.2, 27.5, 26.7, 26.8, 26.5, 25.5, 25 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 33, 33.3, 34.1, 32.8, 35.2, 33.4, 33.4, 33, 33.1, 33.8, 33.8, 33.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 22.3, 22.8, 22.4, 23.2, 23.3, 24.1, 23.8, 22.7, 23.2, 23.1, 23.5, 23.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 25, 24.9, 24.7, 24.5, 24.4, 24.2, 24.2, 24.1, 24.7, 25.7, 26.6, 27.3, 27.9, 28.3, 28.4, 28.3, 28, 27.7, 27.3, 26.5, 26, 25.7, 25.4, 25.2, 25.6, 25.4, 25.2, 25, 24.8, 24.7, 24.6, 24.5, 25, 26.2, 27.3, 28.4, 29.1, 29.7, 29.8, 29.6, 29.3, 28.9, 28.3, 27.4, 26.7, 26.3, 26, 25.8, 26.1, 26, 25.7, 25.5, 25.4, 25.3, 25.1, 25, 25.7, 26.8, 27.8, 28.7, 29.3, 29.5, 29.6, 29.4, 29.2, 28.8, 28.4, 27.7, 27.3, 26.8, 26.5, 26.4, 26.7, 26.5, 26.3, 26.1, 25.9, 25.7, 25.6, 25.4, 26.3, 27.4, 28.2, 28.7, 29.2, 29.5, 29.5, 29.3, 29.1, 29, 28.6, 28, 27.7, 27.4, 27.1, 26.9, 27.5, 27.3, 27.1, 26.9, 26.7, 26.6, 26.5, 26.4, 27.3, 28.2, 28.9, 29.4, 29.7, 29.9, 29.9, 29.9, 29.7, 29.5, 29.2, 28.6, 28.4, 28, 27.9, 27.7, 27.3, 27.2, 27, 26.8, 26.6, 26.5, 26.3, 26.3, 26.8, 27.5, 28.1, 28.6, 28.9, 29.2, 29.4, 29.4, 29.3, 29.2, 28.9, 28.4, 28.1, 27.7, 27.6, 27.4, 27.3, 27.1, 27, 26.9, 26.7, 26.7, 26.6, 26.5, 27.1, 27.7, 28.3, 28.9, 29.3, 29.6, 29.7, 29.7, 29.7, 29.4, 29.2, 28.6, 28.1, 27.8, 27.6, 27.4, 26.9, 26.7, 26.5, 26.4, 26.3, 26.1, 26, 25.8, 26.4, 27.2, 27.9, 28.3, 28.6, 28.7, 28.9, 28.9, 28.9, 28.8, 28.6, 28, 27.7, 27.4, 27.2, 27.1, 26.9, 26.7, 26.6, 26.4, 26.3, 26.2, 26, 25.9, 26.5, 27.5, 28.1, 28.6, 28.9, 29.1, 29.1, 29.1, 29.1, 28.9, 28.6, 28, 27.8, 27.4, 27.2, 27.1, 26.8, 26.5, 26.3, 26.1, 25.8, 25.7, 25.6, 25.4, 26.4, 27.5, 28.3, 28.9, 29.4, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 28.9, 28.1, 27.8, 27.6, 27.3, 27, 25.8, 25.6, 25.5, 25.3, 25.1, 25, 24.9, 24.8, 25.7, 26.9, 27.8, 28.6, 29, 29.1, 29, 28.7, 28.5, 28.3, 27.9, 27.1, 26.9, 26.5, 26.3, 26, 25.5, 25.3, 25.1, 24.9, 24.8, 24.6, 24.6, 24.5, 25.2, 26.4, 27.3, 28.1, 28.6, 28.8, 28.7, 28.5, 28.2, 27.9, 27.4, 26.6, 26.3, 26, 25.8, 25.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 92, 85, 79, 82, 84, 81, 79, 81, 83, 88, 94, 94 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 23.8, 18.2, 23.4, 27, 24, 22.8, 20.6, 24.8, 22, 23, 26, 26.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 282, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 1.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 31, 28.2, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 27, 20.8, 16.4, 18.6, 21, 17, 16.2, 17.8, 19.4, 22.2, 26.4, 27.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 31, 28.2, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 20.6, 24.8, 28.6, 29.8, 31, 29.2, 30.2, 28.8, 27.6, 30.6, 28.8, 26.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:33:22.106Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=1.28967&longitude=103.85007&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1064, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "59,996 works by 433 institutions in Singapore" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 41, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 17, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Singapore Changi Airport (SIN), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 5, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "XSP, SIN, BTH, JHB, TNJ" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 118, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 132, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 180, 199, 197, 182, 185, 175, 189, 185, 161, 155, 133, 133 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.879Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at ChangiAirport, 17 km away at 14 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2074, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.879Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at ChangiAirport, 17 km away at 14 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 53.2, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SG/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.83, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SG/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SG/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.97, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/SGP/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 78.3, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.07, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 997, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "tokyo-jp": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=80120000&dataType=0&pageNo=1", "note": "Before 22 weeks when continuing or giving birth would seriously harm the woman's health for physical or economic reasons, or after rape; with her and her spouse's consent, hers alone where there is no spouse able to consent (母体保護法 (Maternal Health Act), art. 14; Ministry of Health notice on the 22-week limit; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 1, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=129AC0000000089", "note": "No marriage or partnership for same-sex couples in national law; partnership certificates issued by Tokyo and many municipalities are not a marriage or partnership under national law (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frctokyo/" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 8, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 51, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1178 m at 35.50, 139.18; the centre sits at about 31 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 34, "note": "Tokyo urban centre (33,155,907 people, 2025): nearest edge 34 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 39 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 6.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Tokyo%22&per_page=1", "note": "63,481 accounts whose location names \"Tokyo\", over 9,733,276 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/001762303.pdf", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "10 days after 6 months of service, rising to 20 after 6½ years (MHLW: Understanding and Utilizing Labor Laws, annual leave under art. 39)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 44.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 3,158,290 tests (Tokyo, JP-13)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 16, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.005Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/JP", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 1248000, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 1338000, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 1248000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 714000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 732000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 456000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 36.3, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.895Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 31.6, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.895Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 5.89, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 9.4, 10.9, 15.3, 19.6, 22.9, 27, 31.9, 32.6, 28.8, 22.1, 17.3, 11.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 0, 1, 5.5, 10.4, 14.5, 19.2, 24, 25, 21.6, 14.4, 8.5, 2.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 5.2, 6.6, 12.4, 18.2, 22.8, 29.1, 36.1, 36.8, 31.6, 21.9, 15.6, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ -4.7, -3.9, 1.3, 7.7, 13.3, 20.5, 27.6, 28.6, 23.8, 13.1, 5.7, -1.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 6.5, 7.3, 9.5, 15.3, 18.9, 23.3, 27.6, 28.7, 24.3, 17.1, 13.4, 8.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 12.7, 16, 21.1, 24, 26.7, 31.6, 36.2, 36.5, 32.7, 27, 21.2, 15.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ -3.1, -2.4, 1, 5.9, 10.7, 15.5, 21.8, 23.1, 17.6, 9.5, 4.9, -1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 3.5, 4.2, 10.3, 14.9, 17.6, 23.4, 26.2, 26.9, 25.1, 19.2, 11.9, 6.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 17.9, 23.5, 25.9, 27.6, 30.5, 36.2, 39.4, 38.8, 36.6, 31.2, 25.7, 20.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ -7.7, -4.3, -1.7, 1.2, 6.5, 13.8, 19.5, 18.8, 14.5, 6.2, 1, -4.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 2.5, 2.1, 1.7, 1.4, 1.1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 1.7, 3.9, 6, 7.4, 8.4, 8.9, 9.1, 8.9, 8, 6.5, 5.5, 4.8, 4.1, 3.8, 3.7, 3, 3.7, 3.3, 2.8, 2.4, 2.1, 1.9, 1.6, 1.7, 3.2, 5.5, 7.3, 8.7, 9.6, 10.2, 10.4, 10.2, 9.7, 8.4, 7.1, 6.2, 5.5, 5.2, 5, 4.5, 8.4, 7.9, 7.5, 7.1, 6.7, 6.3, 6.1, 7, 8.6, 10.3, 11.9, 13, 13.9, 14.4, 14.7, 14.5, 14, 13, 11.5, 10.6, 10, 9.5, 9.5, 9, 12.9, 12.4, 12, 11.6, 11.3, 11, 11.3, 12.6, 14, 15.5, 17, 18, 18.7, 19.1, 19.1, 18.8, 18.3, 17.4, 16, 15, 14.4, 13.9, 13.8, 13.4, 16.6, 16.3, 15.9, 15.5, 15.2, 15, 15.8, 17.1, 18.4, 19.6, 20.7, 21.5, 22.1, 22.3, 22.4, 22, 21.5, 20.6, 19.6, 18.5, 17.9, 17.5, 17.5, 17.1, 20.7, 20.4, 20.1, 19.8, 19.6, 19.5, 20.3, 21.5, 22.6, 23.8, 24.9, 25.6, 26.2, 26.5, 26.5, 26.2, 25.5, 24.7, 23.8, 22.6, 22, 21.6, 21.5, 21.2, 25.2, 25, 24.7, 24.5, 24.2, 24.1, 24.9, 26, 27.3, 28.8, 29.9, 30.7, 31.2, 31.5, 31.5, 31.1, 30.3, 29.5, 28.4, 27.2, 26.6, 26.2, 26, 25.6, 26.4, 26.1, 25.8, 25.6, 25.4, 25.2, 25.6, 26.8, 28, 29.4, 30.6, 31.4, 31.9, 32.2, 32.1, 31.6, 31, 30.1, 29, 28, 27.6, 27.2, 27, 26.7, 23.2, 22.9, 22.7, 22.4, 22.2, 22, 22.1, 23, 24.2, 25.6, 26.9, 27.6, 28.2, 28.4, 28.3, 28, 27.3, 26.4, 25.1, 24.5, 24.1, 23.7, 23.6, 23.3, 16.5, 16.2, 15.8, 15.5, 15.3, 15.1, 14.9, 15.7, 17.1, 18.5, 19.8, 20.6, 21.2, 21.5, 21.5, 21.3, 20.6, 19.3, 18.4, 17.9, 17.4, 17.1, 16.9, 16.6, 10.8, 10.5, 10.1, 9.8, 9.6, 9.3, 9.1, 9.4, 10.9, 12.8, 14.6, 15.6, 16.3, 16.8, 17, 16.8, 15.7, 14.3, 13.5, 12.8, 12.2, 11.7, 11.5, 11.1, 5.2, 4.8, 4.5, 4.1, 3.9, 3.5, 3.2, 3.1, 4.2, 6.3, 8.3, 9.8, 10.7, 11.3, 11.5, 11.3, 10.1, 8.7, 7.9, 7.2, 6.5, 6.1, 5.9, 5.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 41, 48, 60, 65, 75, 77, 67, 63, 67, 63, 46, 37 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 4.4, 5.8, 12.2, 12.2, 14.8, 14.4, 14, 13.8, 13.8, 11.8, 7.2, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 131, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 1.6, 2.2, 1.2, 1.6, 2.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 1, 2, 2.6, 1.6, 1.4, 0.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1.2, 0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 0.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 2, 1, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 2.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.4, 2.6, 2.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.2, 3.4, 3.6, 1.8, 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.8, 2.6, 3.4, 1.6, 1, 1.8, 1.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 1.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 2.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 1, 0.8, 1.8, 0.6, 0, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 2, 2, 2.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.8, 1.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 1.8, 3.8, 3, 4.2, 2.4, 1.4, 1.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 1, 0.8, 3.2, 1.6, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 13.6, 14.8, 24, 26.4, 25.4, 10.2, 0, 0.2, 6.8, 27.2, 29.2, 25.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.2, 17, 31, 30.8, 23.2, 5.8, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 7.6, 5.4, 12.8, 14, 17.6, 19.2, 15.6, 12.8, 13.8, 14.6, 8, 4.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 9.8, 30.6, 30.2, 20.8, 1.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 7.2, 26.6, 27.8, 14.2, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.8, 2.8, 2.6, 2.4, 2.4, 0.8, 0.2, 2.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1056, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "102,747 works by 3943 institutions in Tokyo" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 41, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Tokyo Haneda International Airport (HND), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chofu Airport, HND, NRT, IBR" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 226, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 441, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 193, 170, 175, 179, 180, 124, 151, 174, 127, 129, 150, 174 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.883Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tokyo, 5 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1927, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.883Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tokyo, 5 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.65, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/JP/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/JP/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.45, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/JPN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 69, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.23, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 445, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "sydney-au": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2019-011", "note": "On request in every state and territory, to a limit that differs by state (16 to 24 weeks) (State laws, for example Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 (NSW), Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Vic); stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1961A00012/latest/text", "note": "Marriage: Marriage Act 1961, s. 5, as amended by the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 4, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 97, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1115 m at -33.49, 150.26; the centre sits at about 71 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 10.8, "note": "Sydney urban centre (4,375,394 people, 2025): nearest edge 10.8 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 24.1 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.8, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Sydney%22&per_page=1", "note": "43,888 accounts whose location names \"Sydney\", over 5,638,830 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/annual-leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (Fair Work Ombudsman: annual leave)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 40.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 3,919,218 tests (Sydney, AU-NSW)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 9, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.027Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/AU", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in AU-NSW" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 30618, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 61235, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 9464, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 14914, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 4888, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5825, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.550Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 9.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.968Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.968Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2020", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 25.6, 25.7, 24.9, 22.3, 19.2, 16.7, 16.7, 18.6, 21.4, 23, 23.6, 25.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 19, 18.9, 18.1, 14.1, 11.3, 8, 8.4, 9.3, 10.9, 13.3, 15.5, 17.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 28, 27.9, 26.5, 22.4, 18.1, 14.5, 14.2, 16.7, 19.8, 22.7, 24.2, 27.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 19.9, 19.8, 18.6, 13.3, 9.4, 5.2, 5.3, 6.8, 8.4, 11.9, 15.1, 17.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 21.7, 22.4, 21.5, 19.2, 16.7, 14.5, 14, 15.3, 16.6, 17.6, 19.8, 20.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 29.3, 29.5, 29.1, 25.4, 21.8, 19.1, 19.3, 22.1, 26.7, 28.6, 28, 31 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 16.5, 16.8, 14.9, 11.4, 7.5, 5.1, 5.2, 6.4, 7.8, 10, 11.3, 13.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 21.3, 20.8, 20.5, 17.3, 15, 10.8, 11.2, 12.6, 14.8, 16.7, 18.4, 21.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 36.8, 34.9, 37.5, 28.1, 25.6, 21.7, 24.6, 29.2, 34, 38.2, 36.3, 39.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 13.7, 13.8, 13.1, 7.9, 6, 2.4, 2.9, 4.3, 5.1, 8, 9.7, 12.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 20.8, 20.5, 20.2, 19.9, 19.7, 19.5, 19.3, 20, 21.3, 22.5, 23.6, 24.4, 24.9, 25.1, 25.1, 24.9, 24.5, 24.1, 23.6, 23, 22.2, 21.8, 21.5, 21.2, 20.8, 20.4, 20.1, 19.8, 19.6, 19.4, 19.2, 19.4, 20.5, 21.9, 23.1, 24.2, 24.8, 25.1, 25.1, 25, 24.7, 24.3, 23.7, 23.1, 22.3, 21.9, 21.6, 21.3, 20.1, 19.7, 19.4, 19.2, 18.9, 18.7, 18.6, 18.5, 19.3, 20.7, 21.9, 23.1, 23.9, 24.3, 24.3, 24.2, 23.8, 23.4, 22.8, 21.9, 21.3, 21, 20.7, 20.4, 16.5, 16, 15.6, 15.3, 15, 14.8, 14.6, 14.5, 14.9, 16.3, 18.2, 19.8, 21.1, 21.7, 21.9, 21.8, 21.4, 20.8, 19.8, 18.7, 18.3, 17.8, 17.3, 16.8, 13.3, 13, 12.7, 12.5, 12.3, 12.1, 12, 11.8, 11.8, 12.9, 14.5, 16.2, 17.6, 18.4, 18.8, 18.8, 18.5, 17.8, 16.3, 15.6, 15.1, 14.7, 14.2, 13.7, 10.4, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 9.3, 9, 8.8, 8.6, 8.5, 9.4, 11.1, 13, 14.6, 15.6, 16.3, 16.5, 16.2, 15.3, 13.6, 13, 12.3, 11.8, 11.3, 10.9, 10.5, 10.3, 10.1, 9.9, 9.6, 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 9, 9.9, 11.5, 13.2, 14.8, 15.8, 16.3, 16.5, 16.2, 15.5, 13.9, 13, 12.5, 12, 11.6, 11.1, 11.7, 11.3, 11, 10.7, 10.4, 10.2, 10.1, 9.9, 10, 11.5, 13.5, 15.2, 16.9, 17.8, 18.1, 18.1, 17.7, 17.1, 15.7, 14.4, 13.8, 13.3, 12.9, 12.3, 13.7, 13.2, 12.7, 12.3, 12, 11.8, 11.6, 11.5, 12.7, 14.7, 16.8, 18.5, 19.8, 20.5, 20.8, 20.6, 20.2, 19.6, 18.5, 17, 16.3, 15.7, 15.2, 14.6, 15.8, 15.3, 14.9, 14.6, 14.3, 14.1, 13.8, 14.4, 16.2, 18.1, 19.7, 21.1, 22, 22.3, 22.2, 21.9, 21.3, 20.7, 19.9, 18.7, 18, 17.4, 16.9, 16.4, 17.7, 17.3, 16.8, 16.5, 16.2, 16, 15.9, 17, 18.5, 20, 21.2, 22.1, 22.7, 22.8, 22.8, 22.6, 22.3, 21.7, 21.1, 20.3, 19.5, 18.9, 18.6, 18.2, 19.4, 19, 18.7, 18.3, 18, 17.8, 17.8, 18.7, 20.2, 21.8, 23, 23.9, 24.6, 24.8, 24.7, 24.5, 24.1, 23.5, 22.9, 22.1, 21.2, 20.7, 20.3, 19.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 61, 57, 61, 46, 49, 44, 45, 46, 42, 53, 60, 55 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 15.6, 15.2, 16.4, 11.8, 12, 7.2, 8.8, 9, 7, 11.8, 13.2, 10.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 138, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 1.4, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 2.8, 2.2, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 1.4, 2, 2.2, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 2.2, 2, 3, 3.8, 2.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8, 1.6, 2.6, 3.4, 2.4, 2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 1.8, 3.2, 2.6, 2, 2.2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1, 1.6, 1.6, 2.4, 2, 2.2, 1.4, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 2.6, 1.4, 1, 1, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 0.4, 1, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 1, 2.2, 1.2, 1.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 2, 1.6, 3.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.4, 2, 2.4, 3.4, 2.2, 2.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 3, 2.8, 3, 1.4, 2.4, 1.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1.2, 3.4, 4.2, 3.6, 2.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.6, 3, 3.8, 4.6, 2.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 3.4, 3.4, 4, 1.2, 1.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2.8, 2, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 1.4, 2.4, 1.8, 2, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.4, 0.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 2.6, 1, 1.4, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 4.4, 6.6, 4.8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 6.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 12.8, 14.8, 21.2, 27.8, 28.2, 28.4, 28.2, 28.6, 28.8, 30, 26.8, 23.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 16, 15.2, 12.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.4, 8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 11.2, 8.8, 10.6, 5, 7.4, 7, 7.6, 5.4, 5, 7.8, 11, 7.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 9.8, 7.2, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 4.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 6, 4.6, 3.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.6, 6.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 0, 0.6, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:36:45.350Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-33.86785&longitude=151.20732&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1129, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "63,671 works by 286 institutions in Sydney" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 42, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport (SYD), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "SYD" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.2, "period": "2025-05-03", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://results.aec.gov.au/31496/Website/HouseStateFirstPrefsByParty-31496-NSW.htm", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Representatives, first preferences, 3 May 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Australian Labor Party 35.2% (3.9), Liberal 24.2% (7.4), The Greens 11.1% (1.5), Independent 9.7% (no position), The Nationals 7.3% (7.8), Pauline Hanson's One Nation 6% (8.2). Parties with a position took 85% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 29, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 35, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 231, 201, 210, 214, 205, 170, 209, 246, 241, 242, 224, 234 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.887Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at SydneyAirport, 9 km away at 6 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2628, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.887Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at SydneyAirport, 9 km away at 6 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 47.5, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.09, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.84, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/AUS/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 94.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.85, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1106, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "melbourne-au": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2019-011", "note": "On request in every state and territory, to a limit that differs by state (16 to 24 weeks) (State laws, for example Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 (NSW), Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Vic); stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1961A00012/latest/text", "note": "Marriage: Marriage Act 1961, s. 5, as amended by the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 (stated from the law cited)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frcmelbourne" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 6, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 60, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1094 m at -37.71, 145.64; the centre sits at about 29 m" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 9.7, "note": "Melbourne urban centre (4,010,658 people, 2025): nearest edge 9.7 km to the south-west; half the directions over land end within 21.3 km" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Melbourne%22&per_page=1", "note": "41,297 accounts whose location names \"Melbourne\", over 5,435,590 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 20, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/annual-leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "4 weeks (Fair Work Ombudsman: annual leave)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 262, 234, 204, 175, 129, 125, 133, 167, 170, 216, 227, 243 ], "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.931Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/94865.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Point Cook, 17 km away at 18 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 2285, "period": "1981-2010", "level": "city", "source": "meteostat", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.931Z", "url": "https://bulk.meteostat.net/v2/normals/94865.csv.gz", "fetcher": "meteostat@1", "note": "Measured at Point Cook, 17 km away at 18 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 39.4, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,760,737 tests (Melbourne, AU-VIC)" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.049Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/AU", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in AU-VIC" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 30618, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 61235, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 9464, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 14914, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 4888, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 5825, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.644Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/AUS.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 9.2, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.968Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "value": 0.9, "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-family-db", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.968Z", "url": "https://webfs.oecd.org/els-com/Family_Database/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.xlsx", "fetcher": "oecd-family-db@1", "period": "2025" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "value": 7.2, "period": "2020", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-wellbeing", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 26.2, 25.7, 23.8, 20.2, 16.3, 13.5, 13.2, 15.2, 17.2, 19, 20.6, 23.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 15.5, 14.7, 14, 11.3, 8.3, 7, 6.5, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3, 11.4, 12.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 26.8, 25.3, 23.2, 18.5, 14.1, 10.6, 10.1, 12.2, 14.4, 17.3, 19.7, 23.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 15, 13.8, 13.1, 9.7, 5.9, 4, 3.3, 4.5, 5.6, 7, 9.7, 11.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 20.3, 19.4, 19.2, 15.9, 13.3, 11.5, 10.8, 12.4, 13.3, 14.5, 15, 17.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 33.7, 33, 30.8, 26.8, 19.5, 15.7, 15.7, 18.3, 22.3, 24.3, 27.5, 31.9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 12.1, 11, 10.8, 7.3, 4.8, 3.8, 3.2, 3.5, 4.9, 5.6, 7.5, 9.7 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 18.8, 18.5, 17.5, 15.5, 11.5, 9.5, 9.4, 10.7, 12, 13, 15.5, 16.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 40.7, 40.3, 37.7, 32.3, 25.5, 19.5, 17.5, 22.2, 27.5, 30.7, 37.4, 41.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 9, 9.2, 7.7, 3.9, 1.8, 0.4, -0.9, 0.7, 1.7, 3, 5.9, 6.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 18.3, 17.8, 17.4, 17, 16.7, 16.5, 16.3, 16.7, 18, 19.5, 21.1, 22.5, 23.7, 24.6, 25.1, 25.1, 24.9, 24.4, 23.8, 22.9, 21.8, 20.4, 19.6, 18.9, 17.7, 17.2, 16.7, 16.2, 15.9, 15.7, 15.6, 15.5, 16.8, 18.6, 20.3, 21.8, 23.1, 24.2, 24.9, 25.1, 24.7, 24, 23.2, 22.2, 20.8, 19.8, 19.1, 18.3, 16.7, 16.2, 15.8, 15.5, 15.3, 15, 14.8, 14.6, 15.1, 16.7, 18.5, 20.1, 21.5, 22.5, 23.1, 23.2, 23, 22.6, 21.6, 20.4, 19, 18.4, 17.7, 17.1, 13.9, 13.5, 13.2, 12.8, 12.6, 12.3, 12.1, 11.9, 11.9, 13.3, 15.1, 16.7, 18.1, 19, 19.6, 19.8, 19.6, 19.1, 18.3, 16.8, 15.9, 15.4, 14.7, 14.3, 10.5, 10.2, 9.8, 9.6, 9.4, 9.4, 9.3, 9.2, 9.1, 9.7, 11.2, 12.8, 14.3, 15.2, 15.9, 16.1, 15.9, 15.4, 14, 12.8, 12.2, 11.7, 11.2, 10.9, 9.1, 8.9, 8.7, 8.5, 8.3, 8.1, 8, 7.9, 7.8, 7.9, 9.1, 10.4, 11.7, 12.6, 13.1, 13.3, 13.2, 12.7, 11.4, 10.6, 10.2, 9.9, 9.5, 9.3, 8.5, 8.3, 8, 7.9, 7.8, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.5, 8.7, 10, 11.2, 12.1, 12.6, 12.9, 12.8, 12.4, 11.2, 10.3, 9.8, 9.3, 8.9, 8.7, 9.8, 9.4, 9.1, 8.9, 8.7, 8.5, 8.3, 8.2, 8, 8.7, 10.3, 11.8, 13.1, 14.1, 14.6, 14.9, 14.9, 14.4, 13.5, 12.1, 11.3, 10.8, 10.5, 10.2, 10.9, 10.6, 10.2, 10, 9.8, 9.6, 9.4, 9.2, 9.6, 11.1, 12.8, 14.2, 15.3, 16.1, 16.5, 16.7, 16.6, 16.1, 15.3, 13.9, 12.9, 12.3, 11.7, 11.3, 12.2, 11.7, 11.3, 11, 10.8, 10.6, 10.4, 10.3, 11.7, 13.4, 14.9, 16, 17, 17.7, 18.2, 18.4, 18.1, 17.7, 16.8, 15.7, 14.3, 13.7, 13.1, 12.5, 13.8, 13.4, 13.1, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.1, 12.8, 14.1, 15.6, 16.9, 17.9, 18.6, 19.4, 19.6, 19.8, 19.6, 19.2, 18.5, 17.7, 16.5, 15.6, 14.8, 14.3, 15.7, 15.2, 14.7, 14.4, 14.1, 13.9, 13.7, 14.5, 16, 17.6, 19.2, 20.5, 21.6, 22.4, 22.7, 22.8, 22.6, 22.3, 21.6, 20.5, 19.1, 17.9, 17.1, 16.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 58, 52, 57, 61, 55, 65, 63, 58, 60, 62, 69, 57 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 8.6, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12.6, 12.6, 10.8, 12.8, 14.8, 13.2, 8.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 127, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 1, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 2.2, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 1.2, 1, 2.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.6, 1.8, 2.6, 1.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 0.6, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 0, 0.4, 1, 0.6, 0.8, 1.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 1.4, 0.2, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 1.6, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 0.8, 0.6, 1, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 1, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 3, 2, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1, 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 1.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, 3.2, 1.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 1.6, 1, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.2, 1.4, 2.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.8, 1.6, 1, 2.4, 1, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1, 1.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2, 1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 4.8, 4.8, 2.6, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 28, 27, 28.8, 29.4, 30, 28.8, 28.4, 30, 29, 29.2, 28, 29.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 1.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 9.4, 7, 9.2, 9.6, 9, 12.4, 10.8, 9.4, 9.2, 11.4, 12.4, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 1.4, 0.6, 1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 7.4, 5, 2.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 5.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:38:26.511Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=-37.814&longitude=144.96332&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1459, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "79,325 works by 239 institutions in Melbourne" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 47, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Melbourne Airport (MEL), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "MEB, MEL, MBW, AVV" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.2, "period": "2025-05-03", "level": "region", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://results.aec.gov.au/31496/Website/HouseStateFirstPrefsByParty-31496-VIC.htm", "note": "Estimate from the official result of House of Representatives, first preferences, 3 May 2025, with ParlGov party positions: Australian Labor Party 33.9% (3.9), Liberal 27.6% (7.4), The Greens 13.6% (1.5), Independent 7.5% (no position), Pauline Hanson's One Nation 5.8% (8.2), The Nationals 4.6% (7.8). Parties with a position took 86% of the vote." }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 28, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 32, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 47.5, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.09, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.1, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AU/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.84, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/AUS/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 94.4, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.85, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1106, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ], "dubai-ae": [ { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 50, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 13, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 87, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1157 m at 24.74, 56.08; the centre sits at about 27 m" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Dubai%22&per_page=1", "note": "27,079 accounts whose location names \"Dubai\", over 3,790,000 residents" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Sector-of-employment/employment-in-the-private-sector/Types-of-leaves", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days after a year of service, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement; public holidays within leave count towards it (UAE government: types of leave, Labour Law art. 29)" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 31.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 82,097 tests (Dubai, AE-DU)" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 24.5, 26.1, 30.3, 34.4, 38.8, 41.9, 42.5, 43, 40.6, 36.4, 31.7, 27 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 14.3, 16.1, 18.4, 21, 24.7, 27.8, 30.7, 30.3, 27.9, 24.6, 20.4, 16.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 23, 25.2, 29.7, 34.1, 39.5, 43.7, 45.4, 45.5, 43.2, 38.1, 32.1, 26.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 12.9, 15.1, 17.7, 20.8, 25.9, 30.8, 34.9, 33.8, 32.1, 27.7, 21.2, 16 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 22.3, 22.6, 24.7, 29.1, 34.4, 38.7, 39.3, 40.5, 37.9, 33.5, 29.2, 24.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 27.3, 31.2, 36.4, 39.7, 42.9, 44.9, 46.1, 45.3, 43.1, 38.7, 34.5, 29.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 11, 12.7, 15, 17.4, 22, 25.6, 27.9, 28.1, 26, 22, 17.7, 14.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 18.2, 18.9, 22, 24.8, 27.3, 30, 33, 32.4, 29.7, 26.8, 22.9, 19.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 29.8, 35.9, 39.8, 43.9, 47.2, 47.9, 47.9, 47.9, 45.1, 43.3, 38.3, 31.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_record_low", "value": [ 7.9, 10.3, 11.8, 16.1, 18.3, 23.3, 26.4, 25.6, 25.2, 19.4, 15.1, 10.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide); 2021-2025 only, so a rarer extreme can lie outside it" }, { "metric": "temp_hourly", "value": [ 17.2, 16.6, 16, 15.6, 15.3, 15.3, 15, 14.7, 15.6, 18.1, 20.6, 22.4, 23.5, 24.1, 24.3, 24.1, 23.5, 22.6, 21.3, 20.4, 19.7, 19, 18.4, 17.7, 18.3, 17.8, 17.4, 17, 16.9, 17.1, 16.8, 16.6, 17.8, 20.1, 22.3, 23.9, 25.1, 25.7, 25.8, 25.4, 24.7, 23.7, 22.3, 21.4, 20.7, 20.2, 19.5, 19, 21, 20.3, 19.8, 19.4, 19.1, 19.3, 19, 19.1, 21.2, 24, 26.3, 28.2, 29.4, 30, 29.9, 29.3, 28.3, 27, 25.5, 24.2, 23.6, 23, 22.3, 21.7, 23.7, 23.1, 22.5, 21.9, 21.5, 21.6, 21.3, 22.5, 25.5, 28.7, 31.2, 33, 33.9, 34.1, 33.7, 32.9, 31.9, 30.5, 28.8, 27.4, 26.8, 26.1, 25.4, 24.7, 27.5, 26.8, 26.1, 25.5, 25.1, 25.3, 25.1, 27.1, 30.2, 33.2, 35.6, 37.4, 38.3, 38.4, 37.9, 37, 35.9, 34.6, 32.9, 31.2, 30.4, 29.7, 29, 28.3, 30.5, 29.8, 29.2, 28.5, 28.1, 28.3, 28.3, 30.1, 33, 35.8, 38.2, 40.1, 41.2, 41.4, 40.8, 39.8, 38.6, 37.4, 35.9, 34.4, 33.4, 32.7, 32.1, 31.3, 33, 32.4, 31.8, 31.3, 31, 31.2, 31.1, 32.4, 34.6, 36.9, 39, 40.7, 41.7, 42.1, 41.6, 40.8, 39.8, 38.7, 37.5, 36.2, 35.3, 34.8, 34.3, 33.7, 33, 32.3, 31.7, 31.1, 30.8, 31, 30.6, 31.7, 34.1, 36.7, 39.1, 40.9, 42.1, 42.5, 42.1, 41.3, 40.1, 38.8, 37.5, 36.2, 35.4, 34.9, 34.3, 33.6, 30.5, 29.8, 29.2, 28.7, 28.3, 28.5, 28.2, 28.9, 31.4, 34.1, 36.5, 38.4, 39.8, 40.3, 39.8, 38.9, 37.5, 36.2, 34.8, 33.8, 33.2, 32.6, 31.9, 31.2, 27.5, 26.9, 26.1, 25.5, 25.3, 25.2, 24.8, 25.1, 27.6, 30.4, 32.6, 34.5, 35.8, 36.3, 36, 35.2, 34.1, 32.8, 31.6, 31, 30.4, 29.6, 28.8, 28.1, 23.6, 22.9, 22.3, 21.7, 21.2, 21.1, 20.7, 20.5, 22.6, 25.8, 28.3, 29.9, 31, 31.6, 31.5, 31, 30, 28.9, 27.9, 27.2, 26.4, 25.7, 25, 24.3, 19.6, 19, 18.4, 17.9, 17.6, 17.5, 17.1, 16.8, 18, 20.8, 23.4, 25.1, 26.1, 26.7, 26.8, 26.5, 25.8, 24.8, 23.7, 23, 22.3, 21.6, 20.9, 20.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature by local hour, January 0:00 to December 23:00. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "cloud_cover", "value": [ 25, 29, 26, 26, 9, 10, 39, 25, 12, 8, 16, 29 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days_monthly", "value": [ 1.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "value": 8, "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_feels", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 2.4, 3.4, 3.6, 4.8, 3.6, 4.6, 1, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 2.2, 2.2, 3.2, 3.8, 3.2, 1.4, 2.4, 1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 2.2, 3.6, 2.4, 2, 3.4, 2.4, 1.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.2, 1, 1.8, 3, 2, 1.6, 3.4, 3.4, 2.2, 0.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.8, 1.4, 2.4, 2.4, 4.6, 4.8, 3.2, 2, 2.8, 2.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 2, 4.8, 4.2, 16.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 18.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, 22.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 3.4, 6, 5.6, 13.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 2.2, 4.8, 4.6, 4, 5.2, 3, 2.6, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 1.6, 1, 3, 5.2, 4.2, 3.4, 4.4, 1.8, 1.6, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3, 4.2, 4, 3.4, 1.8, 1.6, 1.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime feels-like temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "nice_bins_air", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 0.8, 4, 8.4, 6.4, 2.6, 1.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3.8, 7, 2.2, 1.6, 2, 1, 1.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2.8, 2.6, 3, 2.4, 1.6, 3.2, 1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 1.8, 1.6, 2.6, 2.2, 2.4, 1.8, 2.8, 0.8, 2.6, 1.8, 0.8, 0.6, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 3.8, 2, 1, 1.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 4.6, 6.4, 4.8, 6.2, 4.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1.4, 2.4, 3.4, 3.4, 9.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.8, 2.6, 5.8, 6.2, 9.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2, 5.4, 5.8, 8, 4.6, 1.6, 0.8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.2, 5.4, 4.2, 6.6, 7.8, 3, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 2.6, 4.2, 5, 7, 4.2, 2.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.8, 6.4, 5.2, 3.4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Dry, mostly clear days by their daytime air temperature, whole degrees from -5 to 40 °C, by month. Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "beach_days", "value": [ 0.4, 4.6, 16.4, 14.6, 3.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2.6, 23.2, 9 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "active_days", "value": [ 30, 27.4, 27, 14.2, 0.4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.4, 15.2, 29.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "muggy_days", "value": [ 0.6, 0.6, 1.2, 2.8, 15.8, 23.6, 30, 28.4, 28.6, 26.2, 10.6, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "grey_days", "value": [ 3.2, 2.8, 3.2, 3, 0.6, 0.2, 2.4, 2.4, 0, 0.6, 0.8, 2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0.6, 0.6, 8.6, 18.6, 30.6, 30, 31, 31, 30, 30.6, 17.2, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0.4, 10, 21.2, 30.2, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 15.2, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 115, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "4,347 works by 49 institutions in Dubai" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Dubai International Airport (DXB), straight line from the centre" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "DXB, DWC, SHJ, RKT, AEU, AAN, AUH" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 33, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 253, 251, 288, 316, 350, 345, 340, 334, 308, 300, 268, 257 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.933Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DubaiIntlAirport, 19 km away at 8 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 3609, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.933Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DubaiIntlAirport, 19 km away at 8 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 55.7, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.99, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.15, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ARE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 232, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)" } ] }, "fx": { "base": "EUR", "date": "2026-10-26", "source": "ecb-fx", "rates": { "USD": 1.1188, "JPY": 176.15, "CZK": 24.369, "DKK": 7.4747, "GBP": 0.8382, "HUF": 367.45, "PLN": 4.4038, "RON": 5.3473, "SEK": 11.1385, "CHF": 0.9243, "ISK": 136.4, "NOK": 10.4545, "TRY": 55.6746, "AUD": 1.5927, "BRL": 6.2523, "CAD": 1.5695, "CNY": 7.4603, "HKD": 8.7768, "IDR": 20320.32, "ILS": 3.4458, "INR": 106.4935, "KRW": 1482.72, "MXN": 20.8271, "MYR": 4.5731, "NZD": 1.9695, "PHP": 71.54, "SGD": 1.4327, "THB": 37.821, "ZAR": 18.6046, "AED": 4.1088 } }, "rights": [ { "id": "EEA", "name": "EU and EEA free movement", "members": [ "AT", "BE", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "DE", "GR", "HU", "IE", "IT", "LV", "LT", "LU", "MT", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE", "IS", "LI", "NO" ], "territory": [ "AT", "BE", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "DE", "GR", "HU", "IE", "IT", "LV", "LT", "LU", "MT", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE", "IS", "LI", "NO" ], "source": "eu-free-movement", "note": "Directive 2004/38/EC, extended to Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway by the EEA Agreement. Beyond three months a registration is usually required, but no visa or permit to work." }, { "id": "CH-EU", "name": "Swiss-EU free movement", "members": [ "AT", "BE", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "DE", "GR", "HU", "IE", "IT", "LV", "LT", "LU", "MT", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE", "IS", "LI", "NO", "CH" ], "territory": [ "CH" ], "source": "ch-afmp", "note": "The EU-Swiss Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (and the EFTA Convention). Swiss citizens have the same right in the EU and EEA." }, { "id": "CH-IN-EU", "name": "Swiss-EU free movement", "members": [ "CH" ], "territory": [ "AT", "BE", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "DE", "GR", "HU", "IE", "IT", "LV", "LT", "LU", "MT", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE", "IS", "LI", "NO" ], "source": "ch-afmp" }, { "id": "CTA", "name": "Common Travel Area", "members": [ "GB", "IE" ], "territory": [ "GB", "IE" ], "source": "cta", "note": "British and Irish citizens may live and work in each other's country (UK-Ireland Memorandum of Understanding, 2019)." }, { "id": "TTTA", "name": "Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement", "members": [ "AU", "NZ" ], "territory": [ "AU", "NZ" ], "source": "ttta", "note": "Australian and New Zealand citizens may live and work in each other's country." } ], "shareAlike": [ "osm", "osm-walk-cycle" ], "parts": [ { "part": "odbl", "file": "data/dataset-odbl.json", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "sources": [ "osm", "osm-walk-cycle" ] }, { "part": "who", "file": "data/dataset-who.json", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "sources": [ "who-aqdb" ] }, { "part": "cmhc", "file": "data/dataset-cmhc.json", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "sources": [ "cmhc-rms" ] } ], "manifest": { "builtAt": "2026-11-05T15:34:08.779Z", "parts": [ { "id": "open", "folder": "data/observations", "file": "data/dataset.json", "licence": { "id": "CC-BY-4.0", "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "notice": "Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms." }, { "id": "odbl", "folder": "data/observations-odbl", "file": "data/dataset-odbl.json", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "notice": "Figures derived from OpenStreetMap. © OpenStreetMap contributors. This database is made available under the Open Database License (ODbL 1.0): https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/. It is kept apart from Borgo's CC BY 4.0 data and any derived database must stay under the ODbL." }, { "id": "who", "folder": "data/observations-who", "file": "data/dataset-who.json", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "notice": "Values from the WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), World Health Organization, 2026, as published, with each value's data provider named in its note. Used under WHO's terms for data compilations: for public health purposes, values unaltered, attribution to WHO and the providing countries. Not licensed CC BY. WHO does not endorse Borgo or the way it uses these data." }, { "id": "cmhc", "folder": "data/observations-cmhc", "file": "data/dataset-cmhc.json", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "notice": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey, average rents (October), via Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01. This information is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of CMHC. Not licensed CC BY: it is redistributed under CMHC's Licence Agreement for the Use of Data, and anyone receiving it agrees to be bound by those terms." } ], "sources": [ { "source": "abortion-law", "name": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "edition": "curated in src/fetch/rights-law.ts, checked 2026-11-05", "licenceId": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 56, "metrics": [ "abortion_law" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-11-05", "2026-11-05" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "edition": "ACS 1-year estimates, summary-file tables, latest year published", "licenceId": "PD-USGov", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.usa.gov/government-copyright", "termsUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 62, "metrics": [ "active_commute_share", "commute_minutes", "degree_share", "foreign_born_share", "rent_1bed", "rent_3bed", "transit_commute_share" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-11-05", "2026-11-05" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "ch-afmp", "name": "Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (EU-Switzerland)", "publisher": "Swiss State Secretariat for Migration", "url": "https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html", "edition": "Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (EU-Switzerland), in force", "licenceId": "law-summary", "licence": "Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/terms-and-conditions.html", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Borgo's summary of the EU-Swiss Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (State Secretariat for Migration)", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 0, "metrics": [], "retrieved": null, "provides": [ "residence rules (Swiss-EU free movement)" ] }, { "source": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "edition": "CLDR 49 supplementalData territoryInfo", "licenceId": "Unicode-3.0", "licence": "Unicode License v3", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt", "termsUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Unicode CLDR territory information. Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc. Used under the Unicode License v3 (https://www.unicode.org/license.txt)", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 112, "metrics": [ "english_official", "english_share" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-10-27", "2026-10-27" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "cmhc-rms", "name": "CMHC Rental Market Survey: average rents (Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01)", "publisher": "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, republished by Statistics Canada", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3410013301", "edition": "Rental Market Survey, October 2025, via Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01 (release of 2025-12-17)", "licenceId": "CMHC-data", "licence": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "licenceUrl": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions", "termsUrl": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), Rental Market Survey, average rents, October 2025, via Statistics Canada table 34-10-0133-01. This information is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of CMHC.", "notices": [ "Redistributed under CMHC's Licence Agreement for the Use of Data: anyone receiving these figures agrees to be bound by its terms. Not covered by Borgo's CC BY 4.0 licence." ], "part": "cmhc", "file": "data/dataset-cmhc.json", "observations": 6, "metrics": [ "rent_1bed", "rent_3bed" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-11-05", "2026-11-05" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "couples-law", "name": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "edition": "curated in src/fetch/rights-law.ts, checked 2026-11-05", "licenceId": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 56, "metrics": [ "same_sex_couples" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-11-05", "2026-11-05" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "cso-rtb", "name": "RTB Average Monthly Rent Report (RIA02)", "publisher": "Central Statistics Office Ireland, Residential Tenancies Board", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/RIA02", "edition": "CSO table RIA02 (RTB Average Monthly Rent Report), latest year", "licenceId": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/ria02-rtb-average-monthly-rent-report", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Central Statistics Office and Residential Tenancies Board, RIA02 RTB Average Monthly Rent Report, CC BY 4.0", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 4, "metrics": [ "rent_1bed", "rent_3bed" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-10-27", "2026-10-27" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "cta", "name": "Common Travel Area guidance", "publisher": "UK Government", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/common-travel-area-guidance", "edition": "Common Travel Area guidance (UK Government), 2019 Memorandum of Understanding", "licenceId": "law-summary", "licence": "Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://www.gov.uk/help/terms-conditions", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Borgo's summary of the Common Travel Area guidance; contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 0, "metrics": [], "retrieved": null, "provides": [ "residence rules (Common Travel Area)" ] }, { "source": "ecb-fx", "name": "Euro foreign exchange reference rates", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html", "edition": "euro foreign exchange reference rates of the date in data/fx.json", "licenceId": "ECB-reuse", "licence": "ECB copyright terms: free use, cited, unaltered", "licenceUrl": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html", "termsUrl": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank, euro foreign exchange reference rates", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 0, "metrics": [], "retrieved": null, "provides": [ "exchange rates" ] }, { "source": "eu-free-movement", "name": "Directive 2004/38/EC and the EEA Agreement", "publisher": "European Union", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/38/oj", "edition": "Directive 2004/38/EC and the EEA Agreement, in force", "licenceId": "law-summary", "licence": "Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "termsUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Borgo's summary of Directive 2004/38/EC (© European Union, EUR-Lex)", "notices": [], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 0, "metrics": [], "retrieved": null, "provides": [ "residence rules (EU and EEA free movement)" ] }, { "source": "eurostat-regions", "name": "Population by educational attainment and NUTS 2 region (edat_lfse_04)", "publisher": "Eurostat (EU Labour Force Survey)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfse_04/default/table", "edition": "edat_lfse_04, ISCED 5-8, ages 25-64, latest year (2025 for most regions)", "licenceId": "EU-reuse", "licence": "European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated", "licenceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice", "termsUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey (edat_lfse_04, © European Union). Borgo keeps each region's latest value", "notices": [ "Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data." ], "part": "open", "file": "data/dataset.json", "observations": 37, "metrics": [ "degree_share" ], "retrieved": [ "2026-11-05", "2026-11-05" ], "provides": [] }, { "source": "eurostat-urban", "name": "Urban Audit: cities and greater cities", "publisher": "Eurostat", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database", "edition": "Urban Audit tables urb_c*, each city's latest value 2011-2025", "licenceId": "EU-reuse", "licence": "European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated", "licenceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice", "termsUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice", "termsRead": "2026-11-05", "attribution": "Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit (© European Union). 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