{
  "part": "who",
  "licence": {
    "id": "WHO-data",
    "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions"
  },
  "notice": "Values from the WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), World Health Organization, 2026, as published, with each value's data provider named in its note. Used under WHO's terms for data compilations: for public health purposes, values unaltered, attribution to WHO and the providing countries. Not licensed CC BY. WHO does not endorse Borgo or the way it uses these data.",
  "sources": [
    "who-aqdb"
  ],
  "observations": {
    "turin-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 18.053,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Torino, 4 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "milan-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 20.448,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Milano Greater City, 16 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "rome-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 11.793,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Roma, 13 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "naples-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 15.118,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Napoli Greater City, 18 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "bologna-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 14.27,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Bologna, 3 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "florence-it": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 12.665,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Firenze, 5 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "london-gb": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 11.205,
        "period": "2019",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "London, 16 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V6.0  (2023))"
      }
    ],
    "manchester-gb": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.82,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Manchester, 1 station; data: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "bristol-gb": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.33,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Bristol, 2 stations; data: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "edinburgh-gb": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 4.78,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Edinburgh, 2 stations; data: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "dublin-ie": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.318,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Dublin, 12 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "cork-ie": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.433,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Cork, 5 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "paris-fr": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.309,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Paris Greater City, 34 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "lyon-fr": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.942,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Lyon, 7 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "berlin-de": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 11.323,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Berlin, 42 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "munich-de": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.87,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Munchen, 5 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "hamburg-de": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.07,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Hamburg, 14 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "amsterdam-nl": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.886,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Greater Amsterdam, 10 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "rotterdam-nl": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.677,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Greater Rotterdam, 12 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "brussels-be": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.597,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Bruxelles Brussel, 17 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "copenhagen-dk": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.912,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Kobenhavn, 4 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "stockholm-se": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 4.883,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Stockholm Greater City, 24 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "oslo-no": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.477,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Oslo, 16 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "helsinki-fi": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 5.363,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Helsinki Helsingfors Greater City, 7 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "zurich-ch": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.595,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Zurich Greater City, 7 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "vienna-at": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.926,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Wien, 19 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "prague-cz": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 13.404,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Praha, 15 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "warsaw-pl": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 14.703,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Warszawa, 7 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "krakow-pl": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 17.47,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Krakow, 7 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "budapest-hu": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.125,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Budapest, 6 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "lisbon-pt": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.604,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Lisboa Greater City, 17 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "porto-pt": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.43,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Porto Greater City, 8 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "madrid-es": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.272,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Madrid, 43 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "barcelona-es": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.904,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Barcelona, 30 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "valencia-es": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.673,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Valencia, 12 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "malaga-es": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.32,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Malaga, 5 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "athens-gr": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 12.604,
        "period": "2025",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Athina, 10 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "tallinn-ee": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 3.95,
        "period": "2025",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Tallinn, 3 stations; data: European Environmental Agency (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "san-francisco-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.383,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "San Francisco Oakland Hayward CA, 10 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V6.0  (2023))"
      }
    ],
    "los-angeles-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.53,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Los Angeles Long Beach Anaheim CA, 17 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "new-york-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.07,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "New York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA, 18 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "boston-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.432,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Boston Cambridge Newton MA NH, 7 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "seattle-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.085,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Seattle Tacoma Bellevue WA, 4 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "austin-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.4,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Austin Round Rock TX, 3 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V6.0  (2023))"
      }
    ],
    "miami-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.18,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach FL, 8 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "chicago-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.671,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Chicago Naperville Elgin IL IN WI, 21 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "denver-us": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6.018,
        "period": "2022",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Denver Aurora Lakewood CO, 8 stations; data: Environmental Protection Agency (WHO V7.0 (2024))"
      }
    ],
    "toronto-ca": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 9.4,
        "period": "2023",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Toronto, 5 stations; data: Air Quality Risk Assessment Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "vancouver-ca": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 6,
        "period": "2023",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Vancouver, 1 station; data: Air Quality Risk Assessment Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "montreal-ca": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 8.625,
        "period": "2023",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Montreal, 9 stations; data: Air Quality Risk Assessment Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "singapore-sg": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 12,
        "period": "2021",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Singapore, 1 station; data: Key Environment Statistics published by the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (WHO V6.0  (2023))"
      }
    ],
    "tokyo-jp": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 10.828,
        "period": "2019",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Tokyo, 18 stations; data: Status of Air Pollution (WHO V6.0  (2023))"
      }
    ],
    "melbourne-au": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 7.93,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Melbourne, 1 station; data: Health Protection Policy and Surveillance Division | Interim Australian Centre for Disease Contr (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ],
    "dubai-ae": [
      {
        "metric": "pm25",
        "value": 35,
        "period": "2024",
        "level": "city",
        "source": "who-aqdb",
        "retrieved": "2026-11-05",
        "note": "Dubai, 5 stations; data: International (WHO V8.0 (2026))"
      }
    ]
  }
}