# Living in London, United Kingdom

> Open, sourced figures for London: take-home pay, monthly costs, who may live there, climate, air, safety and health. Figures as of 2026-11-05. Canonical page: https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/london-gb/

## Key facts

- London has about 8,961,989 residents (GeoNames).
- On a gross salary of £50,000 a year, an employee in London takes home about £39,520 a year (£3,293 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 21.0% (United Kingdom 2026 rules).
- A one-bedroom home in London rents for about £1,764 a month (region figure; Price Index of Private Rents, Office for National Statistics, 2026-09).
- In London the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 23.0 °C in July and the average daily low falls to 1.5 °C in January (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- London has about 22 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in August (6) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- Between 2021 and 2025 the air in London reached 37.9 °C at its hottest and −10.3 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).
- It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 131 days a year in London (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- The shortest day in London lasts 7 h 49 min and the longest 16 h 38 min (computed from latitude).
- Fine dust (PM2.5) in London averages 11.2 µg/m³ a year, 2.2 times the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³ (WHO Ambient Air Quality Database v8.0 (2026), World Health Organization, 2019).
- Everyday prices in the United Kingdom sit at 92.4 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).
- Life expectancy at birth in the United Kingdom is 81.4 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).
- The United Kingdom records 1.12 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2021).
- Besides citizens of the United Kingdom, citizens of Ireland (Common Travel Area) can live and work in London without a visa.

## Take-home pay (United Kingdom, 2026 rules)

| Gross a year | Take-home a year | A month | Effective rate |
|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| £25,000 | £21,520 | £1,793 | 13.9% |
| £50,000 | £39,520 | £3,293 | 21.0% |
| £84,000 | £59,277 | £4,940 | 29.4% |

Employee: income tax (Scottish rates for Scottish cities), employee National Insurance class 1 category A. Sources: [GOV.UK: rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-and-thresholds-for-employers-2026-to-2027), [GOV.UK: income tax rates and personal allowances](https://www.gov.uk/income-tax-rates).

## A month on the reference profile

Assumed: one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level.

- Take-home pay: £3,311
- Rent: £1,764 (Price Index of Private Rents, 2026-09)
- Everyday spending: £1,432
- Health care, out of pocket: £53
- Left each month: £61

## Who can live and work here without a visa

- Citizens of the United Kingdom
- Citizens of Ireland (Common Travel Area; source: [Common Travel Area guidance](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/common-travel-area-guidance))

## Climate (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), 2021-2025)

| Month | High °C (air) | Low °C (air) | Lowest °C | Highest °C | Nice days | Wet days | Daylight |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| Jan | 7.3 | 1.5 | −5.1 | 14.9 | 0 | 11.6 | 8 h 18 min |
| Feb | 9.6 | 3.4 | −10.3 | 16.6 | 0 | 11.2 | 9 h 50 min |
| Mar | 11.8 | 4.2 | −3.6 | 21.4 | 0 | 12.4 | 11 h 49 min |
| Apr | 14.1 | 5.0 | −3.1 | 25.9 | 1 | 8.0 | 13 h 51 min |
| May | 17.8 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 28.5 | 1 | 12.2 | 15 h 39 min |
| Jun | 22.0 | 12.1 | 6.3 | 32.0 | 6 | 9.0 | 16 h 37 min |
| Jul | 23.0 | 14.3 | 8.9 | 37.9 | 5 | 10.8 | 16 h 08 min |
| Aug | 22.8 | 13.9 | 9.7 | 32.9 | 6 | 7.0 | 14 h 33 min |
| Sep | 20.2 | 12.1 | 4.4 | 31.4 | 4 | 12.2 | 12 h 33 min |
| Oct | 16.2 | 9.5 | 1.9 | 23.3 | 0 | 13.2 | 10 h 31 min |
| Nov | 11.3 | 5.7 | −2.8 | 17.3 | 0 | 12.0 | 8 h 46 min |
| Dec | 9.1 | 4.6 | −5.5 | 14.8 | 0 | 11.0 | 7 h 51 min |

Nice days: dry, mostly clear and feeling 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm. Lowest and highest: the extremes of 2021-2025.

## Every figure

| Figure | Value | Period | Level | Source | Licence |
|---|---:|---|---|---|---|
| Rent, one bedroom | £1,764 a month | 2026-09 | region | [Price Index of Private Rents](https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/priceindexofprivaterentsukmonthlypricestatistics) | OGL-UK-3.0 |
| Rent, three bedrooms | £2,651 a month | 2026-09 | region | [Price Index of Private Rents](https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/priceindexofprivaterentsukmonthlypricestatistics) | OGL-UK-3.0 |
| Childcare fees, one child | £14,747 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare fees, two children | £28,850 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: couple, one child | £2,949 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: couple, two children | £5,770 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child | £2,949 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children | £5,770 a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Out-of-pocket health spending | US$853 a year per person | 2024 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Paid holiday by law | 28 working days a year | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Public holidays on working days | 8 days a year | 2026 | region | [Nager.Date public holidays](https://date.nager.at/) | MIT |
| Paid leave for mothers | 11.7 weeks at full pay | 2025 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Paid leave for fathers | 0.4 weeks at full pay | 2025 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Price level | 92.4 index, US = 100 | 2025 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Wet days | 131 days a year | 2021-2025 | city | [Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)](https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Sunshine | 1,675 hours a year | 1991-2020 | city | [WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals) | No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy) |
| Fine dust (PM2.5) | 11.2 µg/m³ | 2019 | city | [WHO Ambient Air Quality Database v8.0 (2026)](https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/who-air-quality-database) | WHO terms for data compilations (public-health use, unaltered values; not CC BY) |
| Homicides | 1.12 per 100,000 | 2021 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Life expectancy | 81.4 years | 2024 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Life satisfaction | 7.5 of 10 | 2022 | United Kingdom-wide | [OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Research output | 1,714 works per 100k residents | 2025 | city | [OpenAlex institutions](https://openalex.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Research output per resident | 50 of 100 | 2025 | city | [OpenAlex institutions](https://openalex.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Universities and colleges | 157 organisations | 2026-10-27 | city | [Research Organization Registry](https://ror.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Research institutes | 81 organisations | 2026-10-27 | city | [Research Organization Registry](https://ror.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Founders Running Club | a chapter | 2026-10-27 | city | [Founders Running Club communities](https://foundersrc.com/communities) | Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated) |
| Coworking spaces | 144 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Climbing gyms | 30 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Public swimming pools | 57 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Public swimming pools (official) | 1.5 per 100,000 | 2018 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Hackerspaces and makerspaces | 5 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Green space | 14.3 % of land | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Distance to the sea | 36 km | Natural Earth 5.1 | city | [Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/) | Public domain |
| Distance to the mountains | 300 km | terrain tiles 2017 | city | [Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data](https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/) | Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution |
| Nearest major airport | 24 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OurAirports airports](https://ourairports.com/data/) | Public domain |
| Airports within 100 km | 6 airports | 2026-10-27 | city | [OurAirports airports](https://ourairports.com/data/) | Public domain |
| Rail and metro stations | 300 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Cycle paths | 459 km within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Commuting by public transport | 52.6 % of commuters | 2011 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Road deaths | 0.13 per 10,000 | 2018 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Born abroad | 36.7 % of residents | 2011 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| English speakers | 98 % of population | CLDR 49 | United Kingdom-wide | [CLDR territory information](https://cldr.unicode.org/) | Unicode-3.0 |
| English is official | yes | CLDR 49 | United Kingdom-wide | [CLDR territory information](https://cldr.unicode.org/) | Unicode-3.0 |
| Internet speed | 47 Mbit/s | 2023 | city | [M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)](https://www.measurementlab.net/data/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Adults with a degree | 57.2 % of adults | 2017 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Developers on GitHub | 17.2 per 1,000 residents | 2026-11-05 | city | [GitHub user search](https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users) | No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7) |
| Everyday needs on foot | 100 % of streets | 2026-11-05 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API: walking and cycling](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Cycle network | 1.53 km per km² of land | 2026-11-05 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API: walking and cycling](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Walking or cycling to work | 13.6 % of commuters | 2011 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Out of the dense city | 15.5 km | 2025 | city | [GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics](https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Politics, left to right | centre, 5.6 of 10 | 2024-07-04 | United Kingdom-wide | [Political position from election results](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/pipeline/inputs/politics.json) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Abortion in law | also on social or economic grounds | 2026-11-05 | United Kingdom-wide | [Abortion in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Doctors | 3.3 per 1,000 people | 2023 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Unemployment | 4.7 % of the labour force | 2025 | United Kingdom-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Control of corruption | 1.53 -2.5 to 2.5 | 2025 | United Kingdom-wide | [Worldwide Governance Indicators](https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Same-sex couples in law | marriage | 2026 | United Kingdom-wide | [Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |

No open figure yet for: your childcare cost, health insurance premium, green urban areas (official), commute time, monthly transit pass.

## Comparisons

- [London vs Amsterdam](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/amsterdam-nl-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Barcelona](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/barcelona-es-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Berlin](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Bologna](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/bologna-it-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Bristol](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/bristol-gb-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Brussels](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/brussels-be-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Budapest](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/budapest-hu-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Cambridge](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/cambridge-gb-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Copenhagen](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Cork](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/cork-ie-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Dublin](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dublin-ie-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Edinburgh](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/edinburgh-gb-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Florence](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/florence-it-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Geneva](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/geneva-ch-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Hamburg](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/hamburg-de-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Kraków](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/krakow-pl-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Lyon](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-lyon-fr/index.md)
- [London vs Madrid](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-madrid-es/index.md)
- [London vs Manchester](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-manchester-gb/index.md)
- [London vs Milan](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-milan-it/index.md)
- [London vs Munich](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-munich-de/index.md)
- [London vs Oslo](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-oslo-no/index.md)
- [London vs Paris](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-paris-fr/index.md)
- [London vs Porto](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-porto-pt/index.md)
- [London vs Prague](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-prague-cz/index.md)
- [London vs Rome](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-rome-it/index.md)
- [London vs Rotterdam](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-rotterdam-nl/index.md)
- [London vs Stockholm](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-stockholm-se/index.md)
- [London vs Torino](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-turin-it/index.md)
- [London vs Valencia](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-valencia-es/index.md)
- [London vs Vienna](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-vienna-at/index.md)
- [London vs Warsaw](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-warsaw-pl/index.md)
- [London vs Zurich](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/london-gb-vs-zurich-ch/index.md)

## Credits

- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Unicode CLDR territory information. Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc. Used under the Unicode License v3 (https://www.unicode.org/license.txt) ([Unicode License v3](https://www.unicode.org/license.txt))
- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Borgo's summary of the Common Travel Area guidance; contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit (© European Union). Borgo keeps each city's latest value and converts units where its note says so Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data. ([European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice))
- Founders Running Club communities list (facts of presence and links only) ([No licence from the publisher: only facts of presence are stored](https://foundersrc.com/communities))
- Places, coordinates, populations and time zones from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- GHS-UCDB R2024A, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, CC BY 4.0, doi:10.2905/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd; Borgo derives the distance from the centre to the urban centre's edge Shores and lakes from Natural Earth (public domain) decide which directions lead on to land. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Counts of GitHub profiles by stated location, from GitHub's public user search (counts only, no profile data) ([No data licence from the publisher: only total counts are stored, no record about anyone, as its terms allow public, non-personal information in openly published research](https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions))
- Borgo contributors, from the labour codes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- The M-Lab NDT Data Set, 2023-01-01–2023-12-31. https://measurementlab.net/tests/ndt ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Public holidays from Nager.Date (date.nager.at), MIT License, Copyright (c) Nager ([MIT License](https://opensource.org/license/mit))
- Made with Natural Earth (public domain) ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- OECD (2026), Net childcare costs, OECD Tax-Benefit Models, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Family Database, PF2.1 Parental leave systems, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?), https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- Source: Office for National Statistics, Price Index of Private Rents. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 ([Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/))
- Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), CC BY 4.0 Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021-2025. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- OpenAlex (openalex.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- Airports from OurAirports (ourairports.com), public domain ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- Borgo contributors, from official election results and ParlGov party positions (Döring, Huber and Manow, ParlGov 2024 release, CC0) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Research Organization Registry (ror.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Terrain Tiles on AWS Open Data (Mapzen, a Linux Foundation project): SRTM and GMTED2010 terrain data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; ETOPO1, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Canada terrain data contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada ([Terrain Tiles source terms: public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution](https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md))
- World Health Organization, WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), 2026, accessed 2026-10-27; data provided by the national and regional agencies named in each value's note WHO does not endorse Borgo, its use of these data, or any city ranking built from them. Values are as published by WHO; WHO advises against using the database to rank cities or compare countries directly, because monitoring differs between places. ([WHO terms and conditions for data compilations](https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions))
- WMO Member Nations (2023). WMO Climatological Standard Normals for 1991-2020 (NCEI Accession 0253808), sunshine duration. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/800j-vn07 ([No licence attached: NCEI public access with a requested citation, under the WMO Unified Data Policy](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808))
- World Bank, World Development Indicators, CC BY 4.0 (underlying sources named in each figure's note: ICP, IMF, UNODC, UN Population Division, WHO, ILO, UNESCO Institute for Statistics) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Control of Corruption estimate, CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))

## Cite

Borgo, "Living in London", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/london-gb/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote. JSON: https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/city/london-gb.json