# Living in Berlin, Germany

> Open, sourced figures for Berlin: take-home pay, monthly costs, who may live there, climate, air, safety and health. Figures as of 2026-11-05. Canonical page: https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/berlin-de/

## Key facts

- Berlin has about 3,426,354 residents (GeoNames).
- On a gross salary of €60,000 a year, an employee in Berlin takes home about €37,551 a year (€3,129 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 37.4% (Germany 2026 rules).
- In Berlin the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 24.7 °C in July and the average daily low falls to −0.2 °C in February (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- Berlin has about 31 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in June (8) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- Between 2021 and 2025 the air in Berlin reached 37.7 °C at its hottest and −15.0 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).
- It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 125 days a year in Berlin (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).
- The shortest day in Berlin lasts 7 h 39 min and the longest 16 h 50 min (computed from latitude).
- Fine dust (PM2.5) in Berlin averages 11.3 µg/m³ a year, 2.3 times the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³ (WHO Ambient Air Quality Database v8.0 (2026), World Health Organization, 2024).
- Everyday prices in Germany sit at 81.2 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).
- Life expectancy at birth in Germany is 80.8 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).
- Germany records 0.91 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2023).
- Besides citizens of Germany, citizens of 29 other countries under EU and EEA free movement and of Switzerland (Swiss-EU free movement) can live and work in Berlin without a visa.

## Take-home pay (Germany, 2026 rules)

| Gross a year | Take-home a year | A month | Effective rate |
|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| €30,000 | €21,223 | €1,769 | 29.3% |
| €60,000 | €37,551 | €3,129 | 37.4% |
| €100,000 | €58,014 | €4,835 | 42.0% |

Employee, statutory health insurance, no church tax: income tax (§ 32a 2026, splitting for a married couple), solidarity surcharge, health, care (by number of children), pension and unemployment insurance, with the standard allowances. Sources: [Gesetze im Internet: § 32a EStG (2026 tariff)](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/estg/__32a.html), [Gesetze im Internet: § 9a EStG (employee allowance)](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/estg/__9a.html), [Gesetze im Internet: § 10 and § 10c EStG (insurance and special expenses)](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/estg/__10.html), [Gesetze im Internet: §§ 3-4 SolzG 1995 (exemption threshold and rate)](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/solzg_1995/__3.html), [Gesetze im Internet: Sozialversicherungs-Rechengrößenverordnung 2026](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/svbezgrv_2026/BJNR1160A0025.html), [Bundesgesundheitsministerium: health insurance contributions 2026 (average additional rate 2.9%)](https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/beitraege), [Deutsche Rentenversicherung: Werte der Sozialversicherung 2026 (pension 18.6%, care 3.6%/4.2%)](https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/DRV/DE/Experten/Zahlen-und-Fakten/Werte-der-Rentenversicherung/werte-der-rentenversicherung_node.html).

## A month on the reference profile

Assumed: one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level.

- Take-home pay: €3,129
- Rent: not known (no open rent data yet)
- Everyday spending: €1,501
- Health care, out of pocket: €55
- Left each month: not known

## Who can live and work here without a visa

- Citizens of Germany
- Citizens of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway (EU and EEA free movement; source: [Directive 2004/38/EC and the EEA Agreement](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/38/oj))
- Citizens of Switzerland (Swiss-EU free movement; source: [Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (EU-Switzerland)](https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html))

## Climate (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), 2021-2025)

| Month | High °C (air) | Low °C (air) | Lowest °C | Highest °C | Nice days | Wet days | Daylight |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| Jan | 4.5 | −0.1 | −10.6 | 15.8 | 0 | 13.0 | 8 h 09 min |
| Feb | 6.5 | −0.2 | −15.0 | 17.8 | 0 | 12.0 | 9 h 45 min |
| Mar | 10.5 | 1.4 | −5.9 | 21.7 | 0 | 7.8 | 11 h 48 min |
| Apr | 13.8 | 4.4 | −3.5 | 27.3 | 0 | 9.0 | 13 h 55 min |
| May | 19.1 | 9.3 | 1.9 | 28.5 | 2 | 9.8 | 15 h 48 min |
| Jun | 24.6 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 35.6 | 8 | 10.6 | 16 h 49 min |
| Jul | 24.7 | 15.3 | 10.1 | 37.7 | 7 | 12.8 | 16 h 18 min |
| Aug | 24.5 | 15.1 | 8.1 | 37.1 | 7 | 9.6 | 14 h 39 min |
| Sep | 21.0 | 12.1 | 3.5 | 33.7 | 7 | 7.0 | 12 h 34 min |
| Oct | 15.1 | 8.0 | 0.2 | 24.6 | 0 | 10.6 | 10 h 27 min |
| Nov | 8.2 | 3.0 | −8.0 | 17.2 | 0 | 10.2 | 8 h 38 min |
| Dec | 4.7 | 0.5 | −10.9 | 16.5 | 0 | 12.2 | 7 h 40 min |

Nice days: dry, mostly clear and feeling 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm. Lowest and highest: the extremes of 2021-2025.

## Every figure

| Figure | Value | Period | Level | Source | Licence |
|---|---:|---|---|---|---|
| Childcare fees, one child | €276 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare fees, two children | €552 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: couple, one child | €206 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: couple, two children | €406 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child | €206 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children | €399 a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Out-of-pocket health spending | US$733 a year per person | 2024 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Paid holiday by law | 20 working days a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Public holidays on working days | 7 days a year | 2026 | Germany-wide | [Nager.Date public holidays](https://date.nager.at/) | MIT |
| Paid leave for mothers | 38.2 weeks at full pay | 2025 | Germany-wide | [OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Paid leave for fathers | 4.8 weeks at full pay | 2025 | Germany-wide | [OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Price level | 81.2 index, US = 100 | 2025 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Wet days | 125 days a year | 2021-2025 | city | [Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)](https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Sunshine | 1,730 hours a year | 1991-2020 | city | [WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals) | No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy) |
| Fine dust (PM2.5) | 11.3 µg/m³ | 2024 | city | [WHO Ambient Air Quality Database v8.0 (2026)](https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/who-air-quality-database) | WHO terms for data compilations (public-health use, unaltered values; not CC BY) |
| Homicides | 0.91 per 100,000 | 2023 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Life expectancy | 80.8 years | 2024 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Life satisfaction | 7.0 of 10 | 2025 | Germany-wide | [OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?)](https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html) | OECD terms for data (any use, with citation) |
| Research output | 1,573 works per 100k residents | 2025 | city | [OpenAlex institutions](https://openalex.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Research output per resident | 48 of 100 | 2025 | city | [OpenAlex institutions](https://openalex.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Universities and colleges | 55 organisations | 2026-10-27 | city | [Research Organization Registry](https://ror.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Research institutes | 100 organisations | 2026-10-27 | city | [Research Organization Registry](https://ror.org/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Founders Running Club | a chapter | 2026-10-27 | city | [Founders Running Club communities](https://foundersrc.com/communities) | Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated) |
| Coworking spaces | 147 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Climbing gyms | 23 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Public swimming pools | 41 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Public swimming pools (official) | 1.5 per 100,000 | 2022 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Hackerspaces and makerspaces | 20 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Green space | 14.6 % of land | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Green urban areas (official) | 14.9 % of city area | 2012 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Distance to the sea | 142 km | Natural Earth 5.1 | city | [Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/) | Public domain |
| Distance to the mountains | 207 km | terrain tiles 2017 | city | [Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data](https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/) | Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution |
| Nearest major airport | 19 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OurAirports airports](https://ourairports.com/data/) | Public domain |
| Airports within 100 km | 1 airport | 2026-10-27 | city | [OurAirports airports](https://ourairports.com/data/) | Public domain |
| Rail and metro stations | 255 within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Cycle paths | 674 km within 10 km | 2026-10-27 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Commuting by public transport | 42.4 % of commuters | 2016 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Commute time | 33 minutes | 2016 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Monthly transit pass | €63 a month | 2019 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Road deaths | 0.15 per 10,000 | 2024 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Born abroad | 14.6 % of residents | 2013 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| English speakers | 64 % of population | CLDR 49 | Germany-wide | [CLDR territory information](https://cldr.unicode.org/) | Unicode-3.0 |
| English is official | no | CLDR 49 | Germany-wide | [CLDR territory information](https://cldr.unicode.org/) | Unicode-3.0 |
| Internet speed | 41 Mbit/s | 2023 | city | [M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)](https://www.measurementlab.net/data/) | CC0-1.0 |
| Adults with a degree | 48.1 % of adults | 2025 | city | [Population by educational attainment and NUTS 2 region (edat_lfse_04)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfse_04/default/table) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Developers on GitHub | 21.5 per 1,000 residents | 2026-11-05 | city | [GitHub user search](https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users) | No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7) |
| Everyday needs on foot | 100 % of streets | 2026-11-05 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API: walking and cycling](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Cycle network | 2.49 km per km² of land | 2026-11-05 | city | [OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API: walking and cycling](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) | ODbL-1.0 |
| Walking or cycling to work | 18.6 % of commuters | 2016 | city | [Urban Audit: cities and greater cities](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/database) | Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU) |
| Out of the dense city | 8.8 km | 2025 | city | [GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics](https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Politics, left to right | centre, 5.5 of 10 | 2025-02-23 | Germany-wide | [Political position from election results](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/pipeline/inputs/politics.json) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Abortion in law | on request, 10 weeks or later | 2026-11-05 | Germany-wide | [Abortion in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Doctors | 4.5 per 1,000 people | 2022 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Unemployment | 3.7 % of the labour force | 2025 | Germany-wide | [World Development Indicators](https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Control of corruption | 1.68 -2.5 to 2.5 | 2025 | Germany-wide | [Worldwide Governance Indicators](https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators) | CC-BY-4.0 |
| Same-sex couples in law | marriage | 2026 | Germany-wide | [Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited](https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts) | CC-BY-4.0 |

No open figure yet for: rent, one bedroom, rent, three bedrooms, your childcare cost, health insurance premium.

## Comparisons

- [Berlin vs Amsterdam](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/amsterdam-nl-vs-berlin-de/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Bologna](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-bologna-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Bristol](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-bristol-gb/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Brussels](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-brussels-be/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Budapest](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-budapest-hu/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Cambridge](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-cambridge-gb/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Copenhagen](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-copenhagen-dk/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Cork](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-cork-ie/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Dublin](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-dublin-ie/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Edinburgh](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-edinburgh-gb/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Florence](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-florence-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Geneva](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-geneva-ch/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Hamburg](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-hamburg-de/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Helsinki](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-helsinki-fi/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Kraków](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-krakow-pl/index.md)
- [Berlin vs London](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-london-gb/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Lyon](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-lyon-fr/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Madrid](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-madrid-es/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Manchester](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-manchester-gb/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Milan](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-milan-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Munich](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-munich-de/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Naples](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-naples-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Oslo](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-oslo-no/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Paris](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-paris-fr/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Prague](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-prague-cz/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Rome](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-rome-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Rotterdam](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-rotterdam-nl/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Stockholm](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-stockholm-se/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Tallinn](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-tallinn-ee/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Torino](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-turin-it/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Vienna](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-vienna-at/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Warsaw](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-warsaw-pl/index.md)
- [Berlin vs Zurich](https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-zurich-ch/index.md)

## Credits

- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Borgo's summary of the EU-Swiss Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (State Secretariat for Migration) ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Unicode CLDR territory information. Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc. Used under the Unicode License v3 (https://www.unicode.org/license.txt) ([Unicode License v3](https://www.unicode.org/license.txt))
- Borgo contributors, from the statutes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Borgo's summary of Directive 2004/38/EC (© European Union, EUR-Lex) ([Borgo's own summary of the law cited (CC BY 4.0); the official text is cited, not copied](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey (edat_lfse_04, © European Union). Borgo keeps each region's latest value Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data. ([European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice))
- Source: Eurostat, Urban Audit (© European Union). Borgo keeps each city's latest value and converts units where its note says so Eurostat is not responsible for Borgo's use of its data. ([European Commission reuse policy (Decision 2011/833/EU): reuse with the source acknowledged and changes stated](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice))
- Founders Running Club communities list (facts of presence and links only) ([No licence from the publisher: only facts of presence are stored](https://foundersrc.com/communities))
- Places, coordinates, populations and time zones from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- GHS-UCDB R2024A, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, CC BY 4.0, doi:10.2905/1a338be6-7eaf-480c-9664-3a8ade88cbcd; Borgo derives the distance from the centre to the urban centre's edge Shores and lakes from Natural Earth (public domain) decide which directions lead on to land. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Counts of GitHub profiles by stated location, from GitHub's public user search (counts only, no profile data) ([No data licence from the publisher: only total counts are stored, no record about anyone, as its terms allow public, non-personal information in openly published research](https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions))
- Borgo contributors, from the labour codes cited in each figure's note ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- The M-Lab NDT Data Set, 2023-01-01–2023-12-31. https://measurementlab.net/tests/ndt ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Public holidays from Nager.Date (date.nager.at), MIT License, Copyright (c) Nager ([MIT License](https://opensource.org/license/mit))
- Made with Natural Earth (public domain) ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- OECD (2026), Net childcare costs, OECD Tax-Benefit Models, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Family Database, PF2.1 Parental leave systems, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- OECD (2026), OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?), https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html Reusers must cite the OECD as above and pass this acknowledgement requirement on to anyone they share the data with. ([OECD terms for data: any use, with the OECD citation passed on](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html))
- Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), CC BY 4.0 Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021-2025. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- OpenAlex (openalex.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) ([Open Database License 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/))
- Airports from OurAirports (ourairports.com), public domain ([Public domain (dedicated by the publisher)](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/))
- Borgo contributors, from official election results and ParlGov party positions (Döring, Huber and Manow, ParlGov 2024 release, CC0) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- Research Organization Registry (ror.org), CC0 ([CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/))
- Terrain Tiles on AWS Open Data (Mapzen, a Linux Foundation project): SRTM and GMTED2010 terrain data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; ETOPO1, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Canada terrain data contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada ([Terrain Tiles source terms: public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution](https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md))
- World Health Organization, WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Version 8.0), 2026, accessed 2026-10-27; data provided by the national and regional agencies named in each value's note WHO does not endorse Borgo, its use of these data, or any city ranking built from them. Values are as published by WHO; WHO advises against using the database to rank cities or compare countries directly, because monitoring differs between places. ([WHO terms and conditions for data compilations](https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions))
- WMO Member Nations (2023). WMO Climatological Standard Normals for 1991-2020 (NCEI Accession 0253808), sunshine duration. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/800j-vn07 ([No licence attached: NCEI public access with a requested citation, under the WMO Unified Data Policy](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808))
- World Bank, World Development Indicators, CC BY 4.0 (underlying sources named in each figure's note: ICP, IMF, UNODC, UN Population Division, WHO, ILO, UNESCO Institute for Statistics) ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))
- World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Control of Corruption estimate, CC BY 4.0 ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))

## Cite

Borgo, "Living in Berlin", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/berlin-de/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote. JSON: https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/city/berlin-de.json