{ "dataset": { "version": "2026-11-05", "builtAt": "2026-11-05T15:34:08.779Z", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenceNote": "Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms.", "licences": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/licences.json", "otherParts": [ { "part": "odbl", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-odbl.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/odbl/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "who", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-who.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/who/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "cmhc", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-cmhc.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/cmhc/city/{id}.json" } ], "creator": "Castor", "fx": { "base": "EUR", "date": "2026-10-26", "source": "ecb-fx" } }, "id": "tokyo-jp", "name": "Tokyo", "country": { "code": "JP", "name": "Japan", "currency": "JPY" }, "region": null, "lat": 35.6895, "lon": 139.69171, "population": 9733276, "wikidata": null, "geonames": "1850147", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/tokyo-jp/", "markdown": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/tokyo-jp/index.md", "keyFacts": [ "Tokyo has about 9,733,276 residents (GeoNames).", "On a gross salary of JP¥11,000,000 a year, an employee in Tokyo takes home about JP¥7,920,069 a year (JP¥660,006 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 28.0% (Japan 2026 rules).", "In Tokyo the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 32.6 °C in August and the average daily low falls to 0.0 °C in January (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Tokyo has about 22 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in October (6) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Between 2021 and 2025 the air in Tokyo reached 39.4 °C at its hottest and −7.7 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).", "It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 131 days a year in Tokyo (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "The shortest day in Tokyo lasts 9 h 44 min and the longest 14 h 35 min (computed from latitude).", "Everyday prices in Japan sit at 69.0 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).", "Life expectancy at birth in Japan is 84.0 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).", "Japan records 0.23 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2023).", "Only citizens of Japan can live and work in Tokyo without a visa or permit; everyone else needs one." ], "figures": [ { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "label": "Childcare fees, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs in fees a year, before any public support, in the place the OECD tax-benefit model takes as typical for the country.", "value": 1248000, "text": "JP¥1,248,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "label": "Childcare fees, two children", "description": "Fees a year for full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3, before any public support (OECD tax-benefit model).", "value": 1338000, "text": "JP¥1,338,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 1248000, "text": "JP¥1,248,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 714000, "text": "JP¥714,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 732000, "text": "JP¥732,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 456000, "text": "JP¥456,000 a year", "unit": "JPY/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "label": "Out-of-pocket health spending", "description": "What people pay for health care themselves each year, per person, on average across the country: deductibles, co-payments and care not covered, but not insurance premiums.", "value": 445, "text": "US$445 a year per person", "unit": "USD/year per person", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "label": "Paid holiday by law", "description": "The fewest paid days of holiday an employer must give a full-time employee on a five-day week, from the country's labour law; contracts and collective agreements often give more.", "value": 10, "text": "10 working days a year", "unit": "working days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "labour-law", "name": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "10 days after 6 months of service, rising to 20 after 6½ years (MHLW: Understanding and Utilizing Labor Laws, annual leave under art. 39)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "label": "Public holidays on working days", "description": "Public holidays that fall on a weekday this year, nationwide plus those of the city's region; a holiday on a weekend is lost unless the law moves it.", "value": 16, "text": "16 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.005Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "nager-date", "name": "Nager.Date public holidays", "publisher": "Nager.Date (open-source project)", "url": "https://date.nager.at/", "licence": "MIT", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/nager/Nager.Date/blob/main/LICENSE.md" } ], "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "label": "Paid leave for mothers", "description": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave a mother can take, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 36.3, "text": "36.3 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.895Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "label": "Paid leave for fathers", "description": "Paid paternity leave and parental leave reserved for fathers, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 31.6, "text": "31.6 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.895Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "price_level", "label": "Price level", "description": "How expensive everyday consumption is, compared with the United States at market exchange rates.", "value": 69, "text": "69.0 index, US = 100", "unit": "index, US = 100", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "label": "Wet days", "description": "Days a year with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, enough to wet the ground.", "value": 131, "text": "131 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } ], "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "label": "Sunshine", "description": "Hours a year of bright, direct sun, measured at a weather station by the WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m², roughly when the sun is strong enough to cast a sharp shadow.", "value": 1927, "text": "1,927 hours a year", "unit": "hours a year", "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.883Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "wmo-normals", "name": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "publisher": "World Meteorological Organization, archived by NOAA NCEI", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808" } ], "note": "Measured at Tokyo, 5 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "label": "Homicides", "description": "People killed on purpose each year per 100,000 residents, a common proxy for violent crime.", "value": 0.23, "text": "0.23 per 100,000", "unit": "per 100,000", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "label": "Life expectancy", "description": "How many years a baby born now would live on average if today's death rates held, for the whole country.", "value": 84, "text": "84.0 years", "unit": "years", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "label": "Life satisfaction", "description": "How satisfied people say they are with their life as a whole, on a scale from 0 to 10, averaged over the country.", "value": 5.89, "text": "5.9 of 10", "unit": "of 10", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-wellbeing", "name": "OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "research_output", "label": "Research output", "description": "Papers, patents and datasets published in a year by institutions in the city, per 100,000 residents.", "value": 1056, "text": "1,056 works per 100k residents", "unit": "works per 100k residents", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "102,747 works by 3943 institutions in Tokyo", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "label": "Research output per resident", "description": "Research output of institutions in the city, per resident, on a 0 to 100 scale.", "value": 41, "text": "41 of 100", "unit": "of 100", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "universities", "label": "Universities and colleges", "description": "Higher-education organisations registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry, so counts follow how each country registers its institutions.", "value": 226, "text": "226 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "label": "Research institutes", "description": "Research facilities (institutes, laboratories, observatories) registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry; national research councils that register every lab inflate some cities (Paris, Tokyo).", "value": 441, "text": "441 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "label": "Founders Running Club", "description": "Whether the Founders Running Club, a running community for founders, lists a chapter in the city.", "value": 1, "text": "a chapter", "unit": "1 = a chapter", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "foundersrc", "name": "Founders Running Club communities", "publisher": "Founders Running Club", "url": "https://foundersrc.com/communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" } ], "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frctokyo/", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "label": "Distance to the sea", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the open-sea coast; lakes and tidal rivers do not count.", "value": 8, "text": "8 km", "unit": "km", "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "natural-earth", "name": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "publisher": "Natural Earth", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/" } ], "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "label": "Distance to the mountains", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to ground that rises 1,000 m above it; 300 means none within 300 km.", "value": 51, "text": "51 km", "unit": "km", "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "terrain-tiles", "name": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "publisher": "Mapzen / AWS Open Data", "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md" } ], "note": "1178 m at 35.50, 139.18; the centre sits at about 31 m", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "label": "Nearest major airport", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest large airport with scheduled flights.", "value": 18, "text": "18 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "Tokyo Haneda International Airport (HND), straight line from the centre", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "label": "Airports within 100 km", "description": "Airports with scheduled passenger flights within 100 km of the centre.", "value": 4, "text": "4 airports", "unit": "airports", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "Chofu Airport, HND, NRT, IBR", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "english_official", "label": "English is official", "description": "Whether English is an official or de facto official language of the country.", "value": 0, "text": "no", "unit": "1 = yes", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "English is not an official language", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "label": "Internet speed", "description": "Typical download speed of home and mobile connections in speed tests (M-Lab NDT, one TCP stream, so lower than commercial tests); compare cities with each other.", "value": 44.3, "text": "44 Mbit/s", "unit": "Mbit/s", "period": "2023", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "mlab", "name": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "publisher": "Measurement Lab", "url": "https://www.measurementlab.net/data/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 3,158,290 tests (Tokyo, JP-13)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "label": "Developers on GitHub", "description": "GitHub accounts whose profile names the city as their location, per 1,000 residents: a rough count of people who write software there, since many leave the field empty and some name a city they only live near.", "value": 6.5, "text": "6.5 per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1,000 residents", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "github", "name": "GitHub user search", "publisher": "GitHub", "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)", "licenceUrl": "https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions" } ], "note": "63,481 accounts whose location names \"Tokyo\", over 9,733,276 residents", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "label": "Out of the dense city", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest edge of the dense city (the GHSL urban centre: touching 1 km squares with at least 1,500 residents per km²) in a direction that leads on over land, so roughly what a cyclist rides before the dense city gives way to suburbs, farmland, hills or a large park.", "value": 34, "text": "34.0 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ghsl-ucdb", "name": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre (GHSL)", "url": "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Tokyo urban centre (33,155,907 people, 2025): nearest edge 34 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 39 km", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "abortion_law", "label": "Abortion in law", "description": "On what grounds the law allows a pregnancy to be ended: 0 not at all or only to save the woman's life, 1 also to protect her health or after rape or incest, 2 also on broad social or economic grounds, 3 on request but only in the first weeks (under 10), 4 on request to 10 weeks or later.", "value": 2, "text": "also on social or economic grounds", "unit": "0 to 4", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "abortion-law", "name": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Before 22 weeks when continuing or giving birth would seriously harm the woman's health for physical or economic reasons, or after rape; with her and her spouse's consent, hers alone where there is no spouse able to consent (母体保護法 (Maternal Health Act), art. 14; Ministry of Health notice on the 22-week limit; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "doctors", "label": "Doctors", "description": "Practising physicians per 1,000 people in the country, generalists and specialists (WHO figures).", "value": 2.65, "text": "2.7 per 1,000 people", "unit": "per 1,000 people", "period": "2022", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment", "description": "Share of people who want work and are looking for it but have none, in the country (ILO modelled estimate).", "value": 2.5, "text": "2.5 % of the labour force", "unit": "% of the labour force", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "label": "Control of corruption", "description": "How far public power is kept from private gain, petty and grand corruption alike, as experts, firms and households perceive it in the country: the World Bank's governance estimate, roughly -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong).", "value": 1.45, "text": "1.45 -2.5 to 2.5", "unit": "-2.5 to 2.5", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wgi", "name": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038026/worldwide-governance-indicators" } ], "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "label": "Same-sex couples in law", "description": "What the law offers same-sex couples: 0 sexual relations between people of the same sex are a crime, 1 legal but national law offers no union, 2 civil union or registered partnership, 3 marriage.", "value": 1, "text": "legal, no union in law", "unit": "0 to 3", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "couples-law", "name": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "No marriage or partnership for same-sex couples in national law; partnership certificates issued by Tokyo and many municipalities are not a marriage or partnership under national law (stated from the law cited)", "levelText": "Japan-wide" } ], "gaps": [ { "metric": "rent_1bed", "label": "Rent, one bedroom" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "label": "Rent, three bedrooms" }, { "metric": "childcare_cost", "label": "Your childcare cost" }, { "metric": "health_premium", "label": "Health insurance premium" }, { "metric": "pm25", "label": "Fine dust (PM2.5)" }, { "metric": "coworking", "label": "Coworking spaces" }, { "metric": "climbing_gyms", "label": "Climbing gyms" }, { "metric": "swimming_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools (official)" }, { "metric": "hackerspaces", "label": "Hackerspaces and makerspaces" }, { "metric": "green_space_10km", "label": "Green space" }, { "metric": "green_share", "label": "Green urban areas (official)" }, { "metric": "rail_stations", "label": "Rail and metro stations" }, { "metric": "cycle_paths_km", "label": "Cycle paths" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "label": "Commuting by public transport" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "label": "Commute time" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "label": "Monthly transit pass" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "label": "Road deaths" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "label": "Born abroad" }, { "metric": "english_share", "label": "English speakers" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "label": "Adults with a degree" }, { "metric": "walkable_share", "label": "Everyday needs on foot" }, { "metric": "bike_network", "label": "Cycle network" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "label": "Walking or cycling to work" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "label": "Politics, left to right" } ], "climate": { "months": [ "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" ], "tempHighC": [ 9.4, 10.9, 15.3, 19.6, 22.9, 27, 31.9, 32.6, 28.8, 22.1, 17.3, 11.8 ], "tempLowC": [ 0, 1, 5.5, 10.4, 14.5, 19.2, 24, 25, 21.6, 14.4, 8.5, 2.5 ], "wetDays": [ 4.4, 5.8, 12.2, 12.2, 14.8, 14.4, 14, 13.8, 13.8, 11.8, 7.2, 6.2 ], "daylightHours": [ 9.98, 10.81, 11.93, 13.09, 14.07, 14.56, 14.32, 13.47, 12.35, 11.19, 10.23, 9.75 ], "period": "2021-2025", "source": { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } }, "daylight": { "shortestDayHours": 9.74, "longestDayHours": 14.58, "method": "computed from latitude" }, "takeHome": { "currency": "JPY", "year": 2026, "scope": "Resident employee under 40 in Tokyo's 23 wards, salary for 2026: national income tax and reconstruction surtax, resident tax on that income, and employee social insurance (health, child support levy, pension, employment insurance).", "sources": [ { "label": "NTA: No.2260 income tax rates", "url": "https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/2260.htm" }, { "label": "NTA: No.1410 employment income deduction (2026 reform)", "url": "https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/1410.htm" }, { "label": "NTA: No.1199 basic deduction (2026 reform)", "url": "https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/1199.htm" }, { "label": "NTA: April 2026 withholding tax changes (basic deduction bands for 2026 and 2027)", "url": "https://www.nta.go.jp/publication/pamph/gensen/2026kaisei.pdf" }, { "label": "Tokyo Bureau of Taxation: individual resident tax", "url": "https://www.tax.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/kazei/life/kojin_ju" }, { "label": "Chuo City: resident tax basic deduction", "url": "https://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/a0009/kurashi/zeikin/juuminzei/shotokukoujo/zintekikozyo.html" }, { "label": "Nerima City: resident tax adjustment credit", "url": "https://www.city.nerima.tokyo.jp/kurashi/zei/jyuminzei/zeigakukojo/choseikojo.html" }, { "label": "Kyokai Kenpo: Tokyo premium table from March 2026", "url": "https://www.kyoukaikenpo.or.jp/assets/R8_13tokyo.pdf" }, { "label": "MHLW: employment insurance rates for fiscal 2026", "url": "https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/001692566.pdf" } ], "caveats": [ "Resident tax on 2026 salary is billed from June 2027; it is shown here against the year it is earned on.", "Health insurance is Kyokai Kenpo (Tokyo); company health insurance societies often charge less. Under 40: no long-term care premium (an extra 0.81% from age 40 to 64).", "Salary is treated as twelve equal months with no bonus; bonuses have their own premium ceilings.", "Employment income below ¥6.6 million is computed with the formula, not the statutory table, so it can differ by a few thousand yen.", "No spouse, dependants or life insurance deductions (iDeCo set as your pension share is deducted); below ¥88,000 a month the model assumes no employee insurance." ], "local": [], "rows": [ { "gross": 5300000, "net": 4159349.1, "effectiveRate": 0.21521715094339622 }, { "gross": 11000000, "net": 7920068.66, "effectiveRate": 0.27999375818181815 }, { "gross": 18000000, "net": 11879303.95, "effectiveRate": 0.34003866944444444 } ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } }, "freeMovement": { "citizensOf": "JP", "areas": [] }, "defaultProfile": { "assumptions": "one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level", "month": { "currency": "JPY", "gross": 10569000, "net": 7647068.5, "rent": null, "rentFigure": null, "everyday": 224733.7442218798, "everydayHow": "a starting guess, scaled from Lisbon: set your own", "childcare": null, "health": 5838.603116434275, "left": null, "missing": [ "rent" ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } } }, "observations": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=80120000&dataType=0&pageNo=1", "note": "Before 22 weeks when continuing or giving birth would seriously harm the woman's health for physical or economic reasons, or after rape; with her and her spouse's consent, hers alone where there is no spouse able to consent (母体保護法 (Maternal Health Act), art. 14; Ministry of Health notice on the 22-week limit; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)", "sourceName": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 1, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=129AC0000000089", "note": "No marriage or partnership for same-sex couples in national law; partnership certificates issued by Tokyo and many municipalities are not a marriage or partnership under national law (stated from the law cited)", "sourceName": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frctokyo/", "sourceName": "Founders Running Club communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 8, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "sourceName": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 51, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1178 m at 35.50, 139.18; the centre sits at about 31 m", "sourceName": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 34, "note": "Tokyo urban centre (33,155,907 people, 2025): nearest edge 34 km to the north-west; half the directions over land end within 39 km", "sourceName": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 6.5, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Tokyo%22&per_page=1", "note": "63,481 accounts whose location names \"Tokyo\", over 9,733,276 residents", "sourceName": "GitHub user search", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 10, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/001762303.pdf", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "10 days after 6 months of service, rising to 20 after 6½ years (MHLW: Understanding and Utilizing Labor Laws, annual leave under art. 39)", "sourceName": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 44.3, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 3,158,290 tests (Tokyo, JP-13)", "sourceName": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 16, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.005Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/JP", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide", "sourceName": "Nager.Date public holidays", "licence": "MIT" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 1248000, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 1338000, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 1248000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 714000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 732000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 456000, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:51.473Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/JPN.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "hot_nights", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 9.8, 30.6, 30.2, 20.8, 1.4, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "hot_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 7.2, 26.6, 27.8, 14.2, 0.2, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0.8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 1.8, 2.8, 2.6, 2.4, 2.4, 0.8, 0.2, 2.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:35:03.871Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=35.6895&longitude=139.69171&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1056, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "102,747 works by 3943 institutions in Tokyo", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 41, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 18, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Tokyo Haneda International Airport (HND), straight line from the centre", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chofu Airport, HND, NRT, IBR", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 226, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 441, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 193, 170, 175, 179, 180, 124, 151, 174, 127, 129, 150, 174 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.883Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tokyo, 5 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1927, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.883Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Tokyo, 5 km away at 25 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.65, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/JP/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/JP/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.45, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/JPN/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "sourceName": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 69, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.23, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 84, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 445, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" } ], "comparisons": [ { "with": "helsinki-fi", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/helsinki-fi-vs-tokyo-jp/" }, { "with": "melbourne-au", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/melbourne-au-vs-tokyo-jp/" }, { "with": "seattle-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/seattle-us-vs-tokyo-jp/" }, { "with": "singapore-sg", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/singapore-sg-vs-tokyo-jp/" }, { "with": "sydney-au", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/sydney-au-vs-tokyo-jp/" }, { "with": "vancouver-ca", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/tokyo-jp-vs-vancouver-ca/" } ], "linkOut": [ { "label": "Numbeo: cost of living in Tokyo", "url": "https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Tokyo" }, { "label": "WeatherSpark: year-round weather in Tokyo", "url": "https://weatherspark.com/search?q=Tokyo" }, { "label": "Wikipedia: Tokyo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" } ], "cite": "Borgo, \"Living in Tokyo\", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/tokyo-jp/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote." }