{ "dataset": { "version": "2026-11-05", "builtAt": "2026-11-05T15:34:08.779Z", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenceNote": "Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms.", "licences": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/licences.json", "otherParts": [ { "part": "odbl", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-odbl.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/odbl/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "who", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-who.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/who/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "cmhc", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-cmhc.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/cmhc/city/{id}.json" } ], "creator": "Castor", "fx": { "base": "EUR", "date": "2026-10-26", "source": "ecb-fx" } }, "id": "los-angeles-us", "name": "Los Angeles", "country": { "code": "US", "name": "United States", "currency": "USD" }, "region": "US-CA", "lat": 34.05223, "lon": -118.24368, "population": 3820914, "wikidata": null, "geonames": "5368361", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/los-angeles-us/", "markdown": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/los-angeles-us/index.md", "keyFacts": [ "Los Angeles has about 3,820,914 residents (GeoNames).", "On a gross salary of US$67,000 a year, an employee in Los Angeles takes home about US$52,959 a year (US$4,413 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 21.0% (United States 2026 rules). California uses the 2025 schedule until the 2026 one is published. California standard deduction and personal credit are 2025 values, not checked against the FTB this year.", "A one-bedroom home in Los Angeles rents for about US$1,821 a month (city figure; American Community Survey 1-year estimates, US Census Bureau, 2025).", "In Los Angeles the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 31.9 °C in August and the average daily low falls to 7.5 °C in January (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Los Angeles has about 171 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in July (27) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Between 2021 and 2025 the air in Los Angeles reached 45.7 °C at its hottest and 0.9 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).", "It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 37 days a year in Los Angeles (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "The shortest day in Los Angeles lasts 9 h 53 min and the longest 14 h 26 min (computed from latitude).", "Everyday prices in the United States sit at 100.0 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).", "Life expectancy at birth in the United States is 78.9 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).", "The United States records 5.76 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2023).", "Only citizens of the United States can live and work in Los Angeles without a visa or permit; everyone else needs one." ], "figures": [ { "metric": "rent_1bed", "label": "Rent, one bedroom", "description": "What a one-bedroom home costs to rent each month, from official rent statistics that measure either asking rents or the rents of all tenancies, with or without utilities, as each figure's source says.", "value": 1821, "text": "US$1,821 a month", "unit": "USD/month", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±28", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "label": "Rent, three bedrooms", "description": "What a three-bedroom home costs to rent each month, from official rent statistics that measure either asking rents or the rents of all tenancies, with or without utilities, as each figure's source says.", "value": 2698, "text": "US$2,698 a month", "unit": "USD/month", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±105", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "label": "Childcare fees, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs in fees a year, before any public support, in the place the OECD tax-benefit model takes as typical for the country.", "value": 14188, "text": "US$14,188 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "label": "Childcare fees, two children", "description": "Fees a year for full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3, before any public support (OECD tax-benefit model).", "value": 27103, "text": "US$27,103 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 13138, "text": "US$13,138 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 25003, "text": "US$25,003 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 13198, "text": "US$13,198 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 25123, "text": "US$25,123 a year", "unit": "USD/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "label": "Out-of-pocket health spending", "description": "What people pay for health care themselves each year, per person, on average across the country: deductibles, co-payments and care not covered, but not insurance premiums.", "value": 1472, "text": "US$1,472 a year per person", "unit": "USD/year per person", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "label": "Paid holiday by law", "description": "The fewest paid days of holiday an employer must give a full-time employee on a five-day week, from the country's labour law; contracts and collective agreements often give more.", "value": 0, "text": "0 working days a year", "unit": "working days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "labour-law", "name": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "label": "Public holidays on working days", "description": "Public holidays that fall on a weekday this year, nationwide plus those of the city's region; a holiday on a weekend is lost unless the law moves it.", "value": 11, "text": "11 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "region", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.761Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "nager-date", "name": "Nager.Date public holidays", "publisher": "Nager.Date (open-source project)", "url": "https://date.nager.at/", "licence": "MIT", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/nager/Nager.Date/blob/main/LICENSE.md" } ], "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-CA", "levelText": "region" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "label": "Paid leave for mothers", "description": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave a mother can take, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 0, "text": "0.0 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "label": "Paid leave for fathers", "description": "Paid paternity leave and parental leave reserved for fathers, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 0, "text": "0.0 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.822Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "price_level", "label": "Price level", "description": "How expensive everyday consumption is, compared with the United States at market exchange rates.", "value": 100, "text": "100.0 index, US = 100", "unit": "index, US = 100", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "label": "Wet days", "description": "Days a year with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, enough to wet the ground.", "value": 37, "text": "37 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } ], "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "label": "Homicides", "description": "People killed on purpose each year per 100,000 residents, a common proxy for violent crime.", "value": 5.76, "text": "5.76 per 100,000", "unit": "per 100,000", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "label": "Life expectancy", "description": "How many years a baby born now would live on average if today's death rates held, for the whole country.", "value": 78.9, "text": "78.9 years", "unit": "years", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "research_output", "label": "Research output", "description": "Papers, patents and datasets published in a year by institutions in the city, per 100,000 residents.", "value": 1206, "text": "1,206 works per 100k residents", "unit": "works per 100k residents", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "46,064 works by 398 institutions in Los Angeles", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "label": "Research output per resident", "description": "Research output of institutions in the city, per resident, on a 0 to 100 scale.", "value": 44, "text": "44 of 100", "unit": "of 100", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "universities", "label": "Universities and colleges", "description": "Higher-education organisations registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry, so counts follow how each country registers its institutions.", "value": 43, "text": "43 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "label": "Research institutes", "description": "Research facilities (institutes, laboratories, observatories) registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry; national research councils that register every lab inflate some cities (Paris, Tokyo).", "value": 25, "text": "25 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "label": "Founders Running Club", "description": "Whether the Founders Running Club, a running community for founders, lists a chapter in the city.", "value": 1, "text": "a chapter", "unit": "1 = a chapter", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "foundersrc", "name": "Founders Running Club communities", "publisher": "Founders Running Club", "url": "https://foundersrc.com/communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" } ], "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frclosangeles", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "label": "Distance to the sea", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the open-sea coast; lakes and tidal rivers do not count.", "value": 22, "text": "22 km", "unit": "km", "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "natural-earth", "name": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "publisher": "Natural Earth", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/" } ], "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "label": "Distance to the mountains", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to ground that rises 1,000 m above it; 300 means none within 300 km.", "value": 22, "text": "22 km", "unit": "km", "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "terrain-tiles", "name": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "publisher": "Mapzen / AWS Open Data", "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md" } ], "note": "1095 m at 34.21, -118.11; the centre sits at about 85 m", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "label": "Nearest major airport", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest large airport with scheduled flights.", "value": 19, "text": "19 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), straight line from the centre", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "label": "Airports within 100 km", "description": "Airports with scheduled passenger flights within 100 km of the centre.", "value": 7, "text": "7 airports", "unit": "airports", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "HHR, LAX, BUR, LGB, SNA, ONT, SBD", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "label": "Commuting by public transport", "description": "Share of journeys to work made by bus, tram, metro or train.", "value": 7.7, "text": "7.7 % of commuters", "unit": "% of commuters", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "label": "Commute time", "description": "Average time of a journey to work, one way.", "value": 32.3, "text": "32 minutes", "unit": "minutes", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "label": "Born abroad", "description": "Share of residents born in another country: a measure of how international the city is.", "value": 35.8, "text": "35.8 % of residents", "unit": "% of residents", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "english_share", "label": "English speakers", "description": "Share of the country's population that speaks English at any level; cities usually speak more than the national figure.", "value": 96, "text": "96 % of population", "unit": "% of population", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "english_official", "label": "English is official", "description": "Whether English is an official or de facto official language of the country.", "value": 1, "text": "yes", "unit": "1 = yes", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "English is de facto official", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "label": "Internet speed", "description": "Typical download speed of home and mobile connections in speed tests (M-Lab NDT, one TCP stream, so lower than commercial tests); compare cities with each other.", "value": 59, "text": "59 Mbit/s", "unit": "Mbit/s", "period": "2023", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "mlab", "name": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "publisher": "Measurement Lab", "url": "https://www.measurementlab.net/data/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,466,505 tests (Los Angeles, US-CA)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "label": "Adults with a degree", "description": "Share of adults whose highest qualification is tertiary, a university degree or a vocational diploma above school level (ISCED levels 5 to 8), counting people aged 25 to 64 for a city or region and 25 or older for a country.", "value": 48.7, "text": "48.7 % of adults", "unit": "% of adults", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "label": "Developers on GitHub", "description": "GitHub accounts whose profile names the city as their location, per 1,000 residents: a rough count of people who write software there, since many leave the field empty and some name a city they only live near.", "value": 14.2, "text": "14.2 per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1,000 residents", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "github", "name": "GitHub user search", "publisher": "GitHub", "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)", "licenceUrl": "https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions" } ], "note": "54,246 accounts whose location names \"Los Angeles\", over 3,820,914 residents", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "label": "Walking or cycling to work", "description": "Share of journeys to work made mainly on foot or by bicycle.", "value": 5.1, "text": "5.1 % of commuters", "unit": "% of commuters", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B08301: walked 4.4%, bicycle 0.7% of workers who commute", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "label": "Out of the dense city", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest edge of the dense city (the GHSL urban centre: touching 1 km squares with at least 1,500 residents per km²) in a direction that leads on over land, so roughly what a cyclist rides before the dense city gives way to suburbs, farmland, hills or a large park.", "value": 7.8, "text": "7.8 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ghsl-ucdb", "name": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre (GHSL)", "url": "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Los Angeles urban centre (13,474,333 people, 2025): nearest edge 7.8 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 20 km", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "abortion_law", "label": "Abortion in law", "description": "On what grounds the law allows a pregnancy to be ended: 0 not at all or only to save the woman's life, 1 also to protect her health or after rape or incest, 2 also on broad social or economic grounds, 3 on request but only in the first weeks (under 10), 4 on request to 10 weeks or later.", "value": 4, "text": "on request, 10 weeks or later", "unit": "0 to 4", "period": "2026", "level": "region", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "abortion-law", "name": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "On request until viability; a right in the state constitution since 2022 (California Constitution art. I, s. 1.1; Health and Safety Code s. 123466; stated from the law cited)", "levelText": "region" }, { "metric": "doctors", "label": "Doctors", "description": "Practising physicians per 1,000 people in the country, generalists and specialists (WHO figures).", "value": 3.68, "text": "3.7 per 1,000 people", "unit": "per 1,000 people", "period": "2022", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment", "description": "Share of people who want work and are looking for it but have none, in the country (ILO modelled estimate).", "value": 4.2, "text": "4.2 % of the labour force", "unit": "% of the labour force", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "label": "Control of corruption", "description": "How far public power is kept from private gain, petty and grand corruption alike, as experts, firms and households perceive it in the country: the World Bank's governance estimate, roughly -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong).", "value": 0.87, "text": "0.87 -2.5 to 2.5", "unit": "-2.5 to 2.5", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wgi", "name": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038026/worldwide-governance-indicators" } ], "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "levelText": "United States-wide" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "label": "Same-sex couples in law", "description": "What the law offers same-sex couples: 0 sexual relations between people of the same sex are a crime, 1 legal but national law offers no union, 2 civil union or registered partnership, 3 marriage.", "value": 3, "text": "marriage", "unit": "0 to 3", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "couples-law", "name": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)", "levelText": "United States-wide" } ], "gaps": [ { "metric": "childcare_cost", "label": "Your childcare cost" }, { "metric": "health_premium", "label": "Health insurance premium" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "label": "Sunshine" }, { "metric": "pm25", "label": "Fine dust (PM2.5)" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "label": "Life satisfaction" }, { "metric": "coworking", "label": "Coworking spaces" }, { "metric": "climbing_gyms", "label": "Climbing gyms" }, { "metric": "swimming_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools (official)" }, { "metric": "hackerspaces", "label": "Hackerspaces and makerspaces" }, { "metric": "green_space_10km", "label": "Green space" }, { "metric": "green_share", "label": "Green urban areas (official)" }, { "metric": "rail_stations", "label": "Rail and metro stations" }, { "metric": "cycle_paths_km", "label": "Cycle paths" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "label": "Monthly transit pass" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "label": "Road deaths" }, { "metric": "walkable_share", "label": "Everyday needs on foot" }, { "metric": "bike_network", "label": "Cycle network" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "label": "Politics, left to right" } ], "climate": { "months": [ "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" ], "tempHighC": [ 18.6, 19.7, 20.1, 23.6, 24.7, 27.9, 30.9, 31.9, 30.5, 27.4, 23.1, 19.1 ], "tempLowC": [ 7.5, 7.9, 8.9, 11, 13.2, 15.3, 17, 17.9, 17.9, 14.6, 10.6, 8.8 ], "wetDays": [ 5.6, 4.8, 7.8, 1.8, 1.4, 0.8, 0.4, 1.2, 2, 2.4, 2.8, 6.4 ], "daylightHours": [ 10.11, 10.89, 11.94, 13.03, 13.95, 14.41, 14.19, 13.39, 12.33, 11.24, 10.34, 9.89 ], "period": "2021-2025", "source": { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } }, "daylight": { "shortestDayHours": 9.88, "longestDayHours": 14.43, "method": "computed from latitude" }, "takeHome": { "currency": "USD", "year": 2026, "scope": "Wages only: federal income tax with the standard deduction (single, or married filing jointly), the Child Tax Credit, Social Security and Medicare, plus state tax where a state module exists and New York City tax.", "sources": [ { "label": "IRS: tax year 2026 inflation adjustments (Rev. Proc. 2025-32)", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-releases-tax-inflation-adjustments-for-tax-year-2026-including-amendments-from-the-one-big-beautiful-bill" }, { "label": "SSA: contribution and benefit base", "url": "https://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/cbb.html" }, { "label": "FTB: 2025 California tax rate schedules", "url": "https://www.ftb.ca.gov/forms/2025/2025-540-tax-rate-schedules.pdf" }, { "label": "EDD: 2026 contribution rates (SDI 1.3%)", "url": "https://edd.ca.gov/en/payroll_taxes/rates_and_withholding/" } ], "caveats": [ "City income taxes only for New York City (and Denver's head tax); no itemised deductions. A 401(k) contribution is set as your pension share.", "The Child Tax Credit counts children under 17 and phases out above $200,000 of income ($400,000 on a joint return); for an unmarried couple one parent claims it. Dependent care credits are not modelled.", "A flat-rate setting replaces the federal schedule only; the taxable share applies to state and city tax too.", "California uses the 2025 schedule until the 2026 one is published.", "California standard deduction and personal credit are 2025 values, not checked against the FTB this year." ], "local": [ "California uses the 2025 schedule until the 2026 one is published.", "California standard deduction and personal credit are 2025 values, not checked against the FTB this year." ], "rows": [ { "gross": 34000, "net": 28714.31, "effectiveRate": 0.15546147058823528 }, { "gross": 67000, "net": 52958.93, "effectiveRate": 0.20956820895522388 }, { "gross": 110000, "net": 78800.02, "effectiveRate": 0.2836361818181818 } ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } }, "freeMovement": { "citizensOf": "US", "areas": [] }, "defaultProfile": { "assumptions": "one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level", "month": { "currency": "USD", "gross": 67128, "net": 53037.08, "rent": 1821, "rentFigure": { "metric": "rent_1bed", "label": "Rent, one bedroom", "description": "What a one-bedroom home costs to rent each month, from official rent statistics that measure either asking rents or the rents of all tenancies, with or without utilities, as each figure's source says.", "value": 1821, "text": "US$1,821 a month", "unit": "USD/month", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "acs", "name": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "publisher": "US Census Bureau", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/about/policies/citation.html" } ], "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±28" }, "everyday": 2068.659476117103, "everydayHow": "a starting guess, scaled from Lisbon: set your own", "childcare": null, "health": 122.66666666666667, "left": 407.43052388289743, "missing": [], "completeness": { "status": "partial", "missing": [ "health insurance premium bought outside pay (add yours, a month)" ], "approximations": [] } } }, "observations": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=123466.&lawCode=HSC", "note": "On request until viability; a right in the state constitution since 2022 (California Constitution art. I, s. 1.1; Health and Safety Code s. 123466; stated from the law cited)", "sourceName": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "value": 7.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: public transport (taxi excluded) / workers who commute", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "value": 32.3, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08013 aggregate travel time / workers who commute", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "value": 35.8, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B05002: foreign-born / total population", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "value": 5.1, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B08301: walked 4.4%, bicycle 0.7% of workers who commute", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 48.7, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B15001: associate's degree or higher, aged 25 to 64", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "rent_1bed", "value": 1821, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), one bedroom, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±28", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "value": 2698, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "acs", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "B25031: median gross rent (rent plus utilities), three bedrooms, every renter-occupied home paying cash rent, margin ±105", "sourceName": "American Community Survey 1-year estimates", "licence": "Public domain (US government work)" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 1, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is de facto official", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 96, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf", "note": "Marriage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015); Respect for Marriage Act 2022 (stated from the law cited)", "sourceName": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frclosangeles", "sourceName": "Founders Running Club communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 22, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "sourceName": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 22, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1095 m at 34.21, -118.11; the centre sits at about 85 m", "sourceName": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 7.8, "note": "Los Angeles urban centre (13,474,333 people, 2025): nearest edge 7.8 km to the north; half the directions over land end within 20 km", "sourceName": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 14.2, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Los%20Angeles%22&per_page=1", "note": "54,246 accounts whose location names \"Los Angeles\", over 3,820,914 residents", "sourceName": "GitHub user search", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 0, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/vacation_leave", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "No general federal paid vacation requirement under the FLSA; government contracts and state or local paid-leave laws can impose additional obligations (US Department of Labor: vacation leave)", "sourceName": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 59, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 337 days, 2,466,505 tests (Los Angeles, US-CA)", "sourceName": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 11, "period": "2026", "level": "region", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.761Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/US", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide and in US-CA", "sourceName": "Nager.Date public holidays", "licence": "MIT" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 14188, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 27103, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 13138, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "value": 25003, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "value": 13198, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "value": 25123, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:50.379Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/USA.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "value": 0, "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_low", "value": [ 7.5, 7.9, 8.9, 11, 13.2, 15.3, 17, 17.9, 17.9, 14.6, 10.6, 8.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 16.3, 17.5, 18.6, 22.9, 24.8, 28.9, 32.3, 33.3, 31.3, 26.5, 20.9, 17.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 4.7, 5.4, 6.9, 9.6, 12.8, 15.8, 18.4, 19.4, 19.3, 14.1, 8.5, 6.6 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 23.2, 25.4, 26.6, 30.3, 28.8, 32.3, 34.1, 35.5, 37.3, 32.9, 28.1, 24.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 3.9, 4.4, 5.4, 8.1, 10.9, 13.6, 15.2, 16, 14.7, 11.1, 7.3, 5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 10.8, 11.2, 12.1, 13.3, 15.3, 16.9, 18.8, 19.7, 21.9, 17.4, 13.9, 12.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 31.8, 31.6, 32.8, 37.4, 39.6, 36, 36.3, 39.5, 45.7, 36.1, 34.1, 27.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:14:45.493Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=34.05223&longitude=-118.24368&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 1206, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "46,064 works by 398 institutions in Los Angeles", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 44, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 19, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), straight line from the centre", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "HHR, LAX, BUR, LGB, SNA, ONT, SBD", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 43, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 25, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 49.8, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 3.68, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 4.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/US/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 0.87, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/USA/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "sourceName": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 100, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 5.76, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 78.9, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 1472, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" } ], "comparisons": [ { "with": "austin-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/austin-us-vs-los-angeles-us/" }, { "with": "boston-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/boston-us-vs-los-angeles-us/" }, { "with": "chicago-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/chicago-us-vs-los-angeles-us/" }, { "with": "denver-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/denver-us-vs-los-angeles-us/" }, { "with": "miami-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/los-angeles-us-vs-miami-us/" }, { "with": "new-york-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/los-angeles-us-vs-new-york-us/" }, { "with": "san-francisco-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/los-angeles-us-vs-san-francisco-us/" }, { "with": "seattle-us", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/los-angeles-us-vs-seattle-us/" }, { "with": "vancouver-ca", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/los-angeles-us-vs-vancouver-ca/" } ], "linkOut": [ { "label": "Numbeo: cost of living in Los Angeles", "url": "https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Los-Angeles" }, { "label": "WeatherSpark: year-round weather in Los Angeles", "url": "https://weatherspark.com/search?q=Los%20Angeles" }, { "label": "Wikipedia: Los Angeles", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" } ], "cite": "Borgo, \"Living in Los Angeles\", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/los-angeles-us/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote." }