{ "dataset": { "version": "2026-11-05", "builtAt": "2026-11-05T15:34:08.779Z", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenceNote": "Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms.", "licences": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/licences.json", "otherParts": [ { "part": "odbl", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-odbl.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/odbl/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "who", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-who.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/who/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "cmhc", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-cmhc.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/cmhc/city/{id}.json" } ], "creator": "Castor", "fx": { "base": "EUR", "date": "2026-10-26", "source": "ecb-fx" } }, "id": "dubai-ae", "name": "Dubai", "country": { "code": "AE", "name": "United Arab Emirates", "currency": "AED" }, "region": null, "lat": 25.07725, "lon": 55.30927, "population": 3790000, "wikidata": null, "geonames": "292223", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/dubai-ae/", "markdown": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/dubai-ae/index.md", "keyFacts": [ "Dubai has about 3,790,000 residents (GeoNames).", "On a gross salary of AED 250,000 a year, an employee in Dubai takes home about AED 249,880 a year (AED 20,823 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 0.0% (United Arab Emirates 2026 rules).", "In Dubai the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 43.0 °C in August and the average daily low falls to 14.3 °C in January (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Dubai has about 119 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in March (23) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Between 2021 and 2025 the air in Dubai reached 47.9 °C at its hottest and 7.9 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).", "It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 8 days a year in Dubai (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "The shortest day in Dubai lasts 10 h 35 min and the longest 13 h 42 min (computed from latitude).", "Everyday prices in the United Arab Emirates sit at 68.8 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).", "Life expectancy at birth in the United Arab Emirates is 83.1 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).", "The United Arab Emirates records 0.69 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2022).", "Only citizens of the United Arab Emirates can live and work in Dubai without a visa or permit; everyone else needs one." ], "figures": [ { "metric": "health_oop", "label": "Out-of-pocket health spending", "description": "What people pay for health care themselves each year, per person, on average across the country: deductibles, co-payments and care not covered, but not insurance premiums.", "value": 232, "text": "US$232 a year per person", "unit": "USD/year per person", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "label": "Paid holiday by law", "description": "The fewest paid days of holiday an employer must give a full-time employee on a five-day week, from the country's labour law; contracts and collective agreements often give more.", "value": 21.428571428571427, "text": "21 working days a year", "unit": "working days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "labour-law", "name": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "30 calendar days after a year of service, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement; public holidays within leave count towards it (UAE government: types of leave, Labour Law art. 29)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "price_level", "label": "Price level", "description": "How expensive everyday consumption is, compared with the United States at market exchange rates.", "value": 68.8, "text": "68.8 index, US = 100", "unit": "index, US = 100", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "label": "Wet days", "description": "Days a year with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, enough to wet the ground.", "value": 8, "text": "8 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } ], "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "label": "Sunshine", "description": "Hours a year of bright, direct sun, measured at a weather station by the WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m², roughly when the sun is strong enough to cast a sharp shadow.", "value": 3609, "text": "3,609 hours a year", "unit": "hours a year", "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.933Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "wmo-normals", "name": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "publisher": "World Meteorological Organization, archived by NOAA NCEI", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808" } ], "note": "Measured at DubaiIntlAirport, 19 km away at 8 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "label": "Homicides", "description": "People killed on purpose each year per 100,000 residents, a common proxy for violent crime.", "value": 0.69, "text": "0.69 per 100,000", "unit": "per 100,000", "period": "2022", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "label": "Life expectancy", "description": "How many years a baby born now would live on average if today's death rates held, for the whole country.", "value": 83.1, "text": "83.1 years", "unit": "years", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "research_output", "label": "Research output", "description": "Papers, patents and datasets published in a year by institutions in the city, per 100,000 residents.", "value": 115, "text": "115 works per 100k residents", "unit": "works per 100k residents", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "4,347 works by 49 institutions in Dubai", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "label": "Research output per resident", "description": "Research output of institutions in the city, per resident, on a 0 to 100 scale.", "value": 2, "text": "2 of 100", "unit": "of 100", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "universities", "label": "Universities and colleges", "description": "Higher-education organisations registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry, so counts follow how each country registers its institutions.", "value": 33, "text": "33 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "label": "Research institutes", "description": "Research facilities (institutes, laboratories, observatories) registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry; national research councils that register every lab inflate some cities (Paris, Tokyo).", "value": 1, "text": "1 organisation", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "label": "Founders Running Club", "description": "Whether the Founders Running Club, a running community for founders, lists a chapter in the city.", "value": 0, "text": "no chapter", "unit": "1 = a chapter", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "foundersrc", "name": "Founders Running Club communities", "publisher": "Founders Running Club", "url": "https://foundersrc.com/communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" } ], "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "label": "Distance to the sea", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the open-sea coast; lakes and tidal rivers do not count.", "value": 13, "text": "13 km", "unit": "km", "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "natural-earth", "name": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "publisher": "Natural Earth", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/" } ], "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "label": "Distance to the mountains", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to ground that rises 1,000 m above it; 300 means none within 300 km.", "value": 87, "text": "87 km", "unit": "km", "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "terrain-tiles", "name": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "publisher": "Mapzen / AWS Open Data", "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md" } ], "note": "1157 m at 24.74, 56.08; the centre sits at about 27 m", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "label": "Nearest major airport", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest large airport with scheduled flights.", "value": 20, "text": "20 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "Dubai International Airport (DXB), straight line from the centre", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "label": "Airports within 100 km", "description": "Airports with scheduled passenger flights within 100 km of the centre.", "value": 7, "text": "7 airports", "unit": "airports", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "DXB, DWC, SHJ, RKT, AEU, AAN, AUH", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "english_share", "label": "English speakers", "description": "Share of the country's population that speaks English at any level; cities usually speak more than the national figure.", "value": 50, "text": "50 % of population", "unit": "% of population", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "english_official", "label": "English is official", "description": "Whether English is an official or de facto official language of the country.", "value": 0, "text": "no", "unit": "1 = yes", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "English is not an official language", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "label": "Internet speed", "description": "Typical download speed of home and mobile connections in speed tests (M-Lab NDT, one TCP stream, so lower than commercial tests); compare cities with each other.", "value": 31.6, "text": "32 Mbit/s", "unit": "Mbit/s", "period": "2023", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "mlab", "name": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "publisher": "Measurement Lab", "url": "https://www.measurementlab.net/data/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 82,097 tests (Dubai, AE-DU)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "label": "Adults with a degree", "description": "Share of adults whose highest qualification is tertiary, a university degree or a vocational diploma above school level (ISCED levels 5 to 8), counting people aged 25 to 64 for a city or region and 25 or older for a country.", "value": 55.7, "text": "55.7 % of adults", "unit": "% of adults", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "label": "Developers on GitHub", "description": "GitHub accounts whose profile names the city as their location, per 1,000 residents: a rough count of people who write software there, since many leave the field empty and some name a city they only live near.", "value": 7.1, "text": "7.1 per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1,000 residents", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "github", "name": "GitHub user search", "publisher": "GitHub", "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)", "licenceUrl": "https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions" } ], "note": "27,079 accounts whose location names \"Dubai\", over 3,790,000 residents", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "doctors", "label": "Doctors", "description": "Practising physicians per 1,000 people in the country, generalists and specialists (WHO figures).", "value": 2.99, "text": "3.0 per 1,000 people", "unit": "per 1,000 people", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment", "description": "Share of people who want work and are looking for it but have none, in the country (ILO modelled estimate).", "value": 2.2, "text": "2.2 % of the labour force", "unit": "% of the labour force", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "label": "Control of corruption", "description": "How far public power is kept from private gain, petty and grand corruption alike, as experts, firms and households perceive it in the country: the World Bank's governance estimate, roughly -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong).", "value": 1.15, "text": "1.15 -2.5 to 2.5", "unit": "-2.5 to 2.5", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wgi", "name": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038026/worldwide-governance-indicators" } ], "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "levelText": "United Arab Emirates-wide" } ], "gaps": [ { "metric": "rent_1bed", "label": "Rent, one bedroom" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "label": "Rent, three bedrooms" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "label": "Childcare fees, one child" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "label": "Childcare fees, two children" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, one child" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, two children" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children" }, { "metric": "childcare_cost", "label": "Your childcare cost" }, { "metric": "health_premium", "label": "Health insurance premium" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "label": "Public holidays on working days" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "label": "Paid leave for mothers" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "label": "Paid leave for fathers" }, { "metric": "pm25", "label": "Fine dust (PM2.5)" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "label": "Life satisfaction" }, { "metric": "coworking", "label": "Coworking spaces" }, { "metric": "climbing_gyms", "label": "Climbing gyms" }, { "metric": "swimming_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools (official)" }, { "metric": "hackerspaces", "label": "Hackerspaces and makerspaces" }, { "metric": "green_space_10km", "label": "Green space" }, { "metric": "green_share", "label": "Green urban areas (official)" }, { "metric": "rail_stations", "label": "Rail and metro stations" }, { "metric": "cycle_paths_km", "label": "Cycle paths" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "label": "Commuting by public transport" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "label": "Commute time" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "label": "Monthly transit pass" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "label": "Road deaths" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "label": "Born abroad" }, { "metric": "walkable_share", "label": "Everyday needs on foot" }, { "metric": "bike_network", "label": "Cycle network" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "label": "Walking or cycling to work" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "label": "Out of the dense city" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "label": "Politics, left to right" }, { "metric": "abortion_law", "label": "Abortion in law" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "label": "Same-sex couples in law" } ], "climate": { "months": [ "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" ], "tempHighC": [ 24.5, 26.1, 30.3, 34.4, 38.8, 41.9, 42.5, 43, 40.6, 36.4, 31.7, 27 ], "tempLowC": [ 14.3, 16.1, 18.4, 21, 24.7, 27.8, 30.7, 30.3, 27.9, 24.6, 20.4, 16.6 ], "wetDays": [ 1.8, 1.4, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0, 0, 0.6, 0.4, 1.6 ], "daylightHours": [ 10.73, 11.26, 11.99, 12.74, 13.38, 13.69, 13.54, 12.99, 12.26, 11.51, 10.89, 10.58 ], "period": "2021-2025", "source": { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } }, "daylight": { "shortestDayHours": 10.58, "longestDayHours": 13.7, "method": "computed from latitude" }, "takeHome": { "currency": "AED", "year": 2026, "scope": "Expatriate employee: no income tax; the compulsory unemployment insurance (ILOE) premium is the only deduction.", "sources": [ { "label": "UAE government portal: taxation (no income tax on individuals)", "url": "https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation" }, { "label": "UAE government portal: unemployment insurance scheme", "url": "https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Workplace-regulations/insurance/unemployment-insurance-scheme" }, { "label": "UAE government portal: end-of-service benefits in the private sector", "url": "https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Sector-of-employment/employment-in-the-private-sector/end-of-service-benefits-for-employees-in-the-private-sector" } ], "caveats": [ "The UAE levies no income tax on individuals; 5% VAT applies to most spending instead.", "Assumes an expatriate. Emirati employees fall under the pension and social security law and pay pension contributions, which are not modelled.", "The employer's end-of-service gratuity is a lump sum on leaving, not part of yearly take-home pay.", "The unemployment insurance band uses the whole salary; it is set on basic salary, which is often lower, so the AED 10 band may apply less often than shown." ], "local": [], "rows": [ { "gross": 120000, "net": 119940, "effectiveRate": 0.0005 }, { "gross": 250000, "net": 249880, "effectiveRate": 0.00048 }, { "gross": 410000, "net": 409880, "effectiveRate": 0.0002926829268292683 } ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } }, "freeMovement": { "citizensOf": "AE", "areas": [] }, "defaultProfile": { "assumptions": "one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level", "month": { "currency": "AED", "gross": 246527.99999999997, "net": 246408, "rent": null, "rentFigure": null, "everyday": 5226.8494298921405, "everydayHow": "a starting guess, scaled from Lisbon: set your own", "childcare": null, "health": 71.00178762960314, "left": null, "missing": [ "rent" ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } } }, "observations": [ { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 50, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 0, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "No chapter listed on https://foundersrc.com/communities", "sourceName": "Founders Running Club communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 13, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "sourceName": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 87, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "1157 m at 24.74, 56.08; the centre sits at about 27 m", "sourceName": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 7.1, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Dubai%22&per_page=1", "note": "27,079 accounts whose location names \"Dubai\", over 3,790,000 residents", "sourceName": "GitHub user search", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 21.428571428571427, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Sector-of-employment/employment-in-the-private-sector/Types-of-leaves", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "30 calendar days after a year of service, represented as 30 × 5/7 five-day-week equivalent days, not an exact workday entitlement; public holidays within leave count towards it (UAE government: types of leave, Labour Law art. 29)", "sourceName": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 31.6, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 82,097 tests (Dubai, AE-DU)", "sourceName": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "temp_high", "value": [ 24.5, 26.1, 30.3, 34.4, 38.8, 41.9, 42.5, 43, 40.6, 36.4, 31.7, 27 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "feels_high", "value": [ 23, 25.2, 29.7, 34.1, 39.5, 43.7, 45.4, 45.5, 43.2, 38.1, 32.1, 26.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity, wind and sun. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "feels_low", "value": [ 12.9, 15.1, 17.7, 20.8, 25.9, 30.8, 34.9, 33.8, 32.1, 27.7, 21.2, 16 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Apparent temperature: air temperature adjusted for humidity and wind. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p10", "value": [ 22.3, 22.6, 24.7, 29.1, 34.4, 38.7, 39.3, 40.5, 37.9, 33.5, 29.2, 24.3 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_high_p90", "value": [ 27.3, 31.2, 36.4, 39.7, 42.9, 44.9, 46.1, 45.3, 43.1, 38.7, 34.5, 29.5 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p10", "value": [ 11, 12.7, 15, 17.4, 22, 25.6, 27.9, 28.1, 26, 22, 17.7, 14.1 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_low_p90", "value": [ 18.2, 18.9, 22, 24.8, 27.3, 30, 33, 32.4, 29.7, 26.8, 22.9, 19.8 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "temp_record_high", "value": [ 29.8, 35.9, 39.8, 43.9, 47.2, 47.9, 47.9, 47.9, 45.1, 43.3, 38.3, 31.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4, 0, 0.2, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T01:40:07.962Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=25.07725&longitude=55.30927&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 115, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "4,347 works by 49 institutions in Dubai", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 2, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 20, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Dubai International Airport (DXB), straight line from the centre", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 7, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "DXB, DWC, SHJ, RKT, AEU, AAN, AUH", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 33, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 253, 251, 288, 316, 350, 345, 340, 334, 308, 300, 268, 257 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.933Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DubaiIntlAirport, 19 km away at 8 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 3609, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:14.933Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at DubaiIntlAirport, 19 km away at 8 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 55.7, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 2.99, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 2.2, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AE/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 1.15, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/ARE/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "sourceName": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 68.8, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.69, "period": "2022", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 83.1, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 232, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" } ], "comparisons": [ { "with": "athens-gr", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/athens-gr-vs-dubai-ae/" }, { "with": "budapest-hu", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/budapest-hu-vs-dubai-ae/" }, { "with": "krakow-pl", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-krakow-pl/" }, { "with": "melbourne-au", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-melbourne-au/" }, { "with": "naples-it", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-naples-it/" }, { "with": "singapore-sg", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-singapore-sg/" }, { "with": "sydney-au", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-sydney-au/" }, { "with": "warsaw-pl", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/dubai-ae-vs-warsaw-pl/" } ], "linkOut": [ { "label": "Numbeo: cost of living in Dubai", "url": "https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Dubai" }, { "label": "WeatherSpark: year-round weather in Dubai", "url": "https://weatherspark.com/search?q=Dubai" }, { "label": "Wikipedia: Dubai", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" } ], "cite": "Borgo, \"Living in Dubai\", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/dubai-ae/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote." }