{ "dataset": { "version": "2026-11-05", "builtAt": "2026-11-05T15:34:08.779Z", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenceNote": "Borgo's compilation is licensed CC BY 4.0. Each figure keeps its source's own terms and attribution, listed in data/licences.json; reuse a figure under those terms.", "licences": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/licences.json", "otherParts": [ { "part": "odbl", "licence": { "id": "ODbL-1.0", "name": "Open Database License 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-odbl.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/odbl/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "who", "licence": { "id": "WHO-data", "name": "WHO terms and conditions for data compilations", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy/terms-and-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-who.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/who/city/{id}.json" }, { "part": "cmhc", "licence": { "id": "CMHC-data", "name": "CMHC Licence Agreement for the Use of Data", "url": "https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/about-us/terms-conditions/hmip-terms-conditions" }, "file": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/data/dataset-cmhc.json", "city": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/api/cmhc/city/{id}.json" } ], "creator": "Castor", "fx": { "base": "EUR", "date": "2026-10-26", "source": "ecb-fx" } }, "id": "copenhagen-dk", "name": "Copenhagen", "country": { "code": "DK", "name": "Denmark", "currency": "DKK" }, "region": null, "lat": 55.67594, "lon": 12.56553, "population": 1153615, "wikidata": null, "geonames": "2618425", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/copenhagen-dk/", "markdown": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/copenhagen-dk/index.md", "keyFacts": [ "Copenhagen has about 1,153,615 residents (GeoNames).", "On a gross salary of DKK 450,000 a year, an employee in Copenhagen takes home about DKK 300,741 a year (DKK 25,062 a month) after income tax and employee contributions, an effective rate of 33.2% (Denmark 2026 rules).", "In Copenhagen the average daily high (air temperature in the shade) peaks at 20.7 °C in July and the average daily low falls to 0.7 °C in February (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Copenhagen has about 20 nice days a year, days that are dry, mostly clear and feel 18 to 30 °C on average from 8 am to 8 pm, most of them in August (6) (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "Between 2021 and 2025 the air in Copenhagen reached 27.5 °C at its hottest and −7.8 °C at its coldest (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo).", "It rains or snows (at least 1 mm) on about 126 days a year in Copenhagen (Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis), Open-Meteo, 2021-2025).", "The shortest day in Copenhagen lasts 7 h 01 min and the longest 17 h 32 min (computed from latitude).", "Everyday prices in Denmark sit at 104.5 on an index where the United States is 100 (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2025).", "Life expectancy at birth in Denmark is 82.3 years (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2024).", "Denmark records 0.84 intentional homicides per 100,000 people a year (World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2023).", "Besides citizens of Denmark, citizens of 29 other countries under EU and EEA free movement and of Switzerland (Swiss-EU free movement) can live and work in Copenhagen without a visa." ], "figures": [ { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "label": "Childcare fees, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs in fees a year, before any public support, in the place the OECD tax-benefit model takes as typical for the country.", "value": 47191, "text": "DKK 47,191 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "label": "Childcare fees, two children", "description": "Fees a year for full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3, before any public support (OECD tax-benefit model).", "value": 73682, "text": "DKK 73,682 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 47191, "text": "DKK 47,191 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: couple, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a two-earner couple (on 100% and 67% of the average wage) a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 60437, "text": "DKK 60,437 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_1", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, one child", "description": "What full-time childcare for one child aged 2 or 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 21708, "text": "DKK 21,708 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_single_2", "label": "Childcare, net of support: single parent, two children", "description": "What full-time childcare for two children aged 2 and 3 costs a single parent on the average wage a year after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes (OECD net childcare cost).", "value": 27196, "text": "DKK 27,196 a year", "unit": "DKK/year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-childcare", "name": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/net-childcare-costs.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: single parent on the average wage", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "label": "Out-of-pocket health spending", "description": "What people pay for health care themselves each year, per person, on average across the country: deductibles, co-payments and care not covered, but not insurance premiums.", "value": 935, "text": "US$935 a year per person", "unit": "USD/year per person", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "label": "Paid holiday by law", "description": "The fewest paid days of holiday an employer must give a full-time employee on a five-day week, from the country's labour law; contracts and collective agreements often give more.", "value": 25, "text": "25 working days a year", "unit": "working days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "labour-law", "name": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/family.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "2.08 days for each month worked: 5 weeks (Ferieloven)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "label": "Public holidays on working days", "description": "Public holidays that fall on a weekday this year, nationwide plus those of the city's region; a holiday on a weekend is lost unless the law moves it.", "value": 7, "text": "7 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.411Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "nager-date", "name": "Nager.Date public holidays", "publisher": "Nager.Date (open-source project)", "url": "https://date.nager.at/", "licence": "MIT", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/nager/Nager.Date/blob/main/LICENSE.md" } ], "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "leave_mothers", "label": "Paid leave for mothers", "description": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave a mother can take, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 20.4, "text": "20.4 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.203Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid maternity, parental and home-care leave available to mothers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.A, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "leave_fathers", "label": "Paid leave for fathers", "description": "Paid paternity leave and parental leave reserved for fathers, counted as weeks at full pay (weeks times the average payment rate for someone on average earnings).", "value": 5.5, "text": "5.5 weeks at full pay", "unit": "weeks at full pay", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:52.203Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-family-db", "name": "OECD Family Database: parental leave systems (PF2.1)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Paid paternity leave and leave reserved for fathers, in full-rate-equivalent weeks (OECD PF2.1.B, policies in April 2025; not a current-year statutory entitlement)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "price_level", "label": "Price level", "description": "How expensive everyday consumption is, compared with the United States at market exchange rates.", "value": 104.5, "text": "104.5 index, US = 100", "unit": "index, US = 100", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "wet_days", "label": "Wet days", "description": "Days a year with at least 1 mm of rain or snow, enough to wet the ground.", "value": 126, "text": "126 days a year", "unit": "days a year", "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } ], "note": "ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "label": "Sunshine", "description": "Hours a year of bright, direct sun, measured at a weather station by the WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m², roughly when the sun is strong enough to cast a sharp shadow.", "value": 1867, "text": "1,867 hours a year", "unit": "hours a year", "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.319Z", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "wmo-normals", "name": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "publisher": "World Meteorological Organization, archived by NOAA NCEI", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/wmo-climate-normals", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0253808" } ], "note": "Measured at Falsterbo, 36 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "label": "Homicides", "description": "People killed on purpose each year per 100,000 residents, a common proxy for violent crime.", "value": 0.84, "text": "0.84 per 100,000", "unit": "per 100,000", "period": "2023", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "label": "Life expectancy", "description": "How many years a baby born now would live on average if today's death rates held, for the whole country.", "value": 82.3, "text": "82.3 years", "unit": "years", "period": "2024", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "life_evaluation", "label": "Life satisfaction", "description": "How satisfied people say they are with their life as a whole, on a scale from 0 to 10, averaged over the country.", "value": 7.7, "text": "7.7 of 10", "unit": "of 10", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "oecd-wellbeing", "name": "OECD Well-being Database (How's Life?)", "publisher": "OECD", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/well-being-database.html", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)", "licenceUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html" } ], "note": "Average answer to how satisfied people are with their life as a whole, 0 to 10", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "research_output", "label": "Research output", "description": "Papers, patents and datasets published in a year by institutions in the city, per 100,000 residents.", "value": 3433, "text": "3,433 works per 100k residents", "unit": "works per 100k residents", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "39,598 works by 298 institutions in Copenhagen", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "label": "Research output per resident", "description": "Research output of institutions in the city, per resident, on a 0 to 100 scale.", "value": 62, "text": "62 of 100", "unit": "of 100", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "openalex", "name": "OpenAlex institutions", "publisher": "OurResearch", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "universities", "label": "Universities and colleges", "description": "Higher-education organisations registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry, so counts follow how each country registers its institutions.", "value": 23, "text": "23 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "label": "Research institutes", "description": "Research facilities (institutes, laboratories, observatories) registered in the city in the Research Organization Registry; national research councils that register every lab inflate some cities (Paris, Tokyo).", "value": 13, "text": "13 organisations", "unit": "organisations", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ror", "name": "Research Organization Registry", "publisher": "ROR", "url": "https://ror.org/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://ror.org/registry/" } ], "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "label": "Founders Running Club", "description": "Whether the Founders Running Club, a running community for founders, lists a chapter in the city.", "value": 1, "text": "a chapter", "unit": "1 = a chapter", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "foundersrc", "name": "Founders Running Club communities", "publisher": "Founders Running Club", "url": "https://foundersrc.com/communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" } ], "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frccopenhagen", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "label": "Distance to the sea", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the open-sea coast; lakes and tidal rivers do not count.", "value": 0, "text": "0 km", "unit": "km", "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "natural-earth", "name": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "publisher": "Natural Earth", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/" } ], "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "label": "Distance to the mountains", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to ground that rises 1,000 m above it; 300 means none within 300 km.", "value": 300, "text": "300 km", "unit": "km", "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "terrain-tiles", "name": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "publisher": "Mapzen / AWS Open Data", "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution", "licenceUrl": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md" } ], "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 11 m) within 300 km", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "label": "Nearest major airport", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest large airport with scheduled flights.", "value": 9, "text": "9 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "Copenhagen Kastrup Airport (CPH), straight line from the centre", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "label": "Airports within 100 km", "description": "Airports with scheduled passenger flights within 100 km of the centre.", "value": 4, "text": "4 airports", "unit": "airports", "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "name": "OurAirports airports", "publisher": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/", "licence": "Public domain", "licenceUrl": "https://ourairports.com/data/" } ], "note": "CPH, RKE, MMX, AGH", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "english_share", "label": "English speakers", "description": "Share of the country's population that speaks English at any level; cities usually speak more than the national figure.", "value": 86, "text": "86 % of population", "unit": "% of population", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "english_official", "label": "English is official", "description": "Whether English is an official or de facto official language of the country.", "value": 0, "text": "no", "unit": "1 = yes", "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "cldr", "name": "CLDR territory information", "publisher": "Unicode Consortium", "url": "https://cldr.unicode.org/", "licence": "Unicode-3.0", "licenceUrl": "https://www.unicode.org/license.txt" } ], "note": "English is not an official language", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "label": "Internet speed", "description": "Typical download speed of home and mobile connections in speed tests (M-Lab NDT, one TCP stream, so lower than commercial tests); compare cities with each other.", "value": 85.2, "text": "85 Mbit/s", "unit": "Mbit/s", "period": "2023", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "mlab", "name": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "publisher": "Measurement Lab", "url": "https://www.measurementlab.net/data/", "licence": "CC0-1.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" } ], "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 30,247 tests (Copenhagen, DK-84)", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "label": "Adults with a degree", "description": "Share of adults whose highest qualification is tertiary, a university degree or a vocational diploma above school level (ISCED levels 5 to 8), counting people aged 25 to 64 for a city or region and 25 or older for a country.", "value": 58.2, "text": "58.2 % of adults", "unit": "% of adults", "period": "2025", "level": "region", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "eurostat-regions", "name": "Population by educational attainment and NUTS 2 region (edat_lfse_04)", "publisher": "Eurostat (EU Labour Force Survey)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfse_04/default/table", "licence": "Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU)", "licenceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice" } ], "note": "Hovedstaden (DK01), aged 25 to 64", "levelText": "region" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "label": "Developers on GitHub", "description": "GitHub accounts whose profile names the city as their location, per 1,000 residents: a rough count of people who write software there, since many leave the field empty and some name a city they only live near.", "value": 14.6, "text": "14.6 per 1,000 residents", "unit": "per 1,000 residents", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "github", "name": "GitHub user search", "publisher": "GitHub", "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/rest/search/search#search-users", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)", "licenceUrl": "https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/acceptable-use-policies/github-acceptable-use-policies#7-information-usage-restrictions" } ], "note": "16,850 accounts whose location names \"Copenhagen\", over 1,153,615 residents", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "label": "Out of the dense city", "description": "Straight-line distance from the centre to the nearest edge of the dense city (the GHSL urban centre: touching 1 km squares with at least 1,500 residents per km²) in a direction that leads on over land, so roughly what a cyclist rides before the dense city gives way to suburbs, farmland, hills or a large park.", "value": 3.6, "text": "3.6 km", "unit": "km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "ghsl-ucdb", "name": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "publisher": "European Commission, Joint Research Centre (GHSL)", "url": "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_ucdb_2024.php", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Copenhagen urban centre (1,258,202 people, 2025): nearest edge 3.6 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 11.6 km", "levelText": "city" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "label": "Politics, left to right", "description": "An estimate of where the place voted at its latest national lower-house election (a Swiss canton, Canadian province or Australian state at its own count), on a scale from 0, left, to 10, right: each party's ParlGov position (the mean of expert surveys, or of its party family where no survey covers it), averaged by its share of the official result.", "value": 5.2, "text": "centre, 5.2 of 10", "unit": "0 to 10", "period": "2026-03-24", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "politics", "name": "Political position from election results", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/pipeline/inputs/politics.json", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Estimate from the official result of Folketing, 24 Mar 2026, with ParlGov party positions: Social Democrats 21.8% (3.8), Socialist People's Party 11.6% (2.1), Venstre 10.1% (7.3), Liberal Alliance 9.4% (6, party-family average), Danish People's Party 9.1% (8.2), Moderates 7.7% (6, party-family average). Parties with a position took 98% of the vote.", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "abortion_law", "label": "Abortion in law", "description": "On what grounds the law allows a pregnancy to be ended: 0 not at all or only to save the woman's life, 1 also to protect her health or after rape or incest, 2 also on broad social or economic grounds, 3 on request but only in the first weeks (under 10), 4 on request to 10 weeks or later.", "value": 4, "text": "on request, 10 weeks or later", "unit": "0 to 4", "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "abortion-law", "name": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "On request to the end of week 18 (Sundhedsloven § 92, as amended by Act no. 404 of 29 April 2025, in force 1 June 2025; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "doctors", "label": "Doctors", "description": "Practising physicians per 1,000 people in the country, generalists and specialists (WHO figures).", "value": 4.5, "text": "4.5 per 1,000 people", "unit": "per 1,000 people", "period": "2021", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment", "description": "Share of people who want work and are looking for it but have none, in the country (ILO modelled estimate).", "value": 5.5, "text": "5.5 % of the labour force", "unit": "% of the labour force", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wdi", "name": "World Development Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses" } ], "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "label": "Control of corruption", "description": "How far public power is kept from private gain, petty and grand corruption alike, as experts, firms and households perceive it in the country: the World Bank's governance estimate, roughly -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong).", "value": 2.26, "text": "2.26 -2.5 to 2.5", "unit": "-2.5 to 2.5", "period": "2025", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "worldbank-wgi", "name": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038026/worldwide-governance-indicators" } ], "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "label": "Same-sex couples in law", "description": "What the law offers same-sex couples: 0 sexual relations between people of the same sex are a crime, 1 legal but national law offers no union, 2 civil union or registered partnership, 3 marriage.", "value": 3, "text": "marriage", "unit": "0 to 3", "period": "2026", "level": "country", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "method": "source", "sources": [ { "id": "couples-law", "name": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "publisher": "Borgo contributors", "url": "https://github.com/ABCastor/borgo/blob/main/src/fetch/rights-law.ts", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "note": "Marriage: Lov nr. 532 af 12. juni 2012 (stated from the law cited)", "levelText": "Denmark-wide" } ], "gaps": [ { "metric": "rent_1bed", "label": "Rent, one bedroom" }, { "metric": "rent_3bed", "label": "Rent, three bedrooms" }, { "metric": "childcare_cost", "label": "Your childcare cost" }, { "metric": "health_premium", "label": "Health insurance premium" }, { "metric": "pm25", "label": "Fine dust (PM2.5)" }, { "metric": "coworking", "label": "Coworking spaces" }, { "metric": "climbing_gyms", "label": "Climbing gyms" }, { "metric": "swimming_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools" }, { "metric": "public_pools", "label": "Public swimming pools (official)" }, { "metric": "hackerspaces", "label": "Hackerspaces and makerspaces" }, { "metric": "green_space_10km", "label": "Green space" }, { "metric": "green_share", "label": "Green urban areas (official)" }, { "metric": "rail_stations", "label": "Rail and metro stations" }, { "metric": "cycle_paths_km", "label": "Cycle paths" }, { "metric": "transit_commute_share", "label": "Commuting by public transport" }, { "metric": "commute_minutes", "label": "Commute time" }, { "metric": "transit_pass", "label": "Monthly transit pass" }, { "metric": "road_deaths", "label": "Road deaths" }, { "metric": "foreign_born_share", "label": "Born abroad" }, { "metric": "walkable_share", "label": "Everyday needs on foot" }, { "metric": "bike_network", "label": "Cycle network" }, { "metric": "active_commute_share", "label": "Walking or cycling to work" } ], "climate": { "months": [ "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" ], "tempHighC": [ 4.2, 4.6, 7.2, 10.3, 15.1, 19.3, 20.7, 20.3, 18.1, 13.2, 8.2, 5 ], "tempLowC": [ 0.8, 0.7, 1.8, 3.9, 8.8, 12.9, 15, 14.7, 13.3, 9.4, 5.4, 2.3 ], "wetDays": [ 13, 10.6, 9, 8.2, 10.6, 9.2, 13.2, 11, 8.4, 11.2, 10.6, 11.4 ], "daylightHours": [ 7.61, 9.46, 11.77, 14.16, 16.31, 17.51, 16.9, 14.97, 12.62, 10.25, 8.17, 7.05 ], "period": "2021-2025", "source": { "id": "open-meteo-era5", "name": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "publisher": "Open-Meteo, Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF)", "url": "https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenceUrl": "https://open-meteo.com/en/license" } }, "daylight": { "shortestDayHours": 7.02, "longestDayHours": 17.54, "method": "computed from latitude" }, "takeHome": { "currency": "DKK", "year": 2026, "scope": "Employee, no church membership: labour market contribution, bottom, middle, top and additional top state tax, municipal tax (Copenhagen's rate), personal, employment and job allowances.", "sources": [ { "label": "Skattestyrelsen: tax rates and amounts 2026 (skat.dk)", "url": "https://skat.dk/en-us/help/tax-rates" }, { "label": "Skattestyrelsen: employment and job allowances 2026", "url": "https://skat.dk/en-us/individuals/deductions-and-allowances/deductions-and-allowances-when-working/employment-and-job-allowances" }, { "label": "Skatteministeriet: kommuneskattesatser 2026 (Copenhagen 23.39%)", "url": "https://svmn.dk/media/0oia30i5/kommuneskattesatser_2026.xlsx" } ], "caveats": [ "No ATP pension contribution (a small fixed monthly amount for full-time employees) and no labour market pension, which is usually agreed by collective agreement.", "Church tax (0.80% in Copenhagen for members of the Folkekirke) is not included.", "Cities other than Copenhagen use Copenhagen's municipal rate. The 44.57% tax ceiling is applied to municipal, bottom and middle tax (trimming the middle rate where they exceed it), not to the top brackets; this reading of the ceiling is ours.", "Newcomers: the researcher and key employee scheme (forskerskatteordningen) taxes pay at a flat rate plus the labour market contribution for up to seven years; set a flat rate to model it (rate not checked here)." ], "local": [], "rows": [ { "gross": 220000, "net": 156462.7, "effectiveRate": 0.28880593181818176 }, { "gross": 450000, "net": 300740.5, "effectiveRate": 0.33168777222222223 }, { "gross": 750000, "net": 476762.36, "effectiveRate": 0.36431685333333336 } ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } }, "freeMovement": { "citizensOf": "DK", "areas": [ { "id": "EEA", "name": "EU and EEA free movement", "members": [ "AT", "BE", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "EE", "FI", "FR", "DE", "GR", "HU", "IE", "IT", "LV", "LT", "LU", "MT", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE", "IS", "LI", "NO" ], "note": "Directive 2004/38/EC, extended to Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway by the EEA Agreement. Beyond three months a registration is usually required, but no visa or permit to work.", "source": { "id": "eu-free-movement", "name": "Directive 2004/38/EC and the EEA Agreement", "publisher": "European Union", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/38/oj", "licence": "Borgo's summary of the official text (CC BY 4.0)", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } }, { "id": "CH-IN-EU", "name": "Swiss-EU free movement", "members": [ "CH" ], "source": { "id": "ch-afmp", "name": "Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (EU-Switzerland)", "publisher": "Swiss State Secretariat for Migration", "url": "https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html", "licence": "Borgo's summary of the official text (CC BY 4.0)", "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } } ] }, "defaultProfile": { "assumptions": "one person, €60,000 gross a year, a one-bedroom home, everyday spending of €1,200 a month in Lisbon scaled by each country's price level", "month": { "currency": "DKK", "gross": 448482, "net": 299793.06, "rent": null, "rentFigure": null, "everyday": 14442.640677966103, "everydayHow": "a starting guess, scaled from Lisbon: set your own", "childcare": null, "health": 520.5610549994041, "left": null, "missing": [ "rent" ], "completeness": { "status": "complete", "missing": [], "approximations": [] } } }, "observations": [ { "metric": "abortion_law", "value": 4, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "country", "source": "abortion-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/404", "note": "On request to the end of week 18 (Sundhedsloven § 92, as amended by Act no. 404 of 29 April 2025, in force 1 June 2025; checked against the source linked on 2026-11-05)", "sourceName": "Abortion in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "english_official", "value": 0, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "English is not an official language", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "english_share", "value": 86, "period": "CLDR 49", "level": "country", "source": "cldr", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "share of the population that speaks English, any level", "sourceName": "CLDR territory information", "licence": "Unicode-3.0" }, { "metric": "same_sex_couples", "value": 3, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "couples-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2012/532", "note": "Marriage: Lov nr. 532 af 12. juni 2012 (stated from the law cited)", "sourceName": "Same-sex couples in law, from the statutes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 58.2, "period": "2025", "level": "region", "source": "eurostat-regions", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "note": "Hovedstaden (DK01), aged 25 to 64", "sourceName": "Population by educational attainment and NUTS 2 region (edat_lfse_04)", "licence": "Eurostat reuse with acknowledgement (Decision 2011/833/EU)" }, { "metric": "founders_running_club", "value": 1, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "foundersrc", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Chapter: https://www.instagram.com/frccopenhagen", "sourceName": "Founders Running Club communities", "licence": "Public listing (facts of presence only; no licence stated)" }, { "metric": "sea_km", "value": 0, "period": "Natural Earth 5.1", "source": "natural-earth", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "straight line from the centre to the open-sea coastline (lakes excluded)", "sourceName": "Natural Earth (coastline, land, countries and populated places)", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "mountain_km", "value": 300, "period": "terrain tiles 2017", "source": "terrain-tiles", "level": "city", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "no ground 1,000 m above the centre (about 11 m) within 300 km", "sourceName": "Terrain Tiles (Terrarium) on AWS Open Data", "licence": "Public domain (USGS, NOAA) and Open Government Licence – Canada, with attribution" }, { "metric": "city_edge_km", "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "ghsl-ucdb", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_UCDB_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GLOBE_R2024A/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A/V1-2/GHS_UCDB_THEME_GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS_GLOBE_R2024A_V1_2.zip", "value": 3.6, "note": "Copenhagen urban centre (1,258,202 people, 2025): nearest edge 3.6 km to the south; half the directions over land end within 11.6 km", "sourceName": "GHS Urban Centre Database 2025 (R2024A), general characteristics", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "github_developers", "value": 14.6, "period": "2026-11-05", "level": "city", "source": "github", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q=location%3A%22Copenhagen%22&per_page=1", "note": "16,850 accounts whose location names \"Copenhagen\", over 1,153,615 residents", "sourceName": "GitHub user search", "licence": "No data licence: only total counts of profiles are stored (GitHub Acceptable Use Policies, section 7)" }, { "metric": "annual_leave", "value": 25, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "labour-law", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:54.070Z", "url": "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2018/60", "fetcher": "labour-law@1", "note": "2.08 days for each month worked: 5 weeks (Ferieloven)", "sourceName": "Paid holiday by law, from the labour codes cited", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "download_mbps", "value": 85.2, "period": "2023", "level": "city", "source": "mlab", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "median of daily median NDT download speeds, 336 days, 30,247 tests (Copenhagen, DK-84)", "sourceName": "M-Lab NDT statistics (daily city aggregates)", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "public_holidays", "value": 7, "period": "2026", "level": "country", "source": "nager-date", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:53.411Z", "url": "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/2026/DK", "fetcher": "nager-date@1", "note": "Public holidays on Monday to Friday in 2026, nationwide", "sourceName": "Nager.Date public holidays", "licence": "MIT" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_1", "value": 47191, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for one child aged 2 or 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_fees_2", "value": 73682, "period": "2026", "note": "Fees for two children aged 2 and 3 in full-time care, before support (OECD tax-benefit model)", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": "oecd-childcare@1", "sourceName": "OECD Tax-Benefit Models: net childcare costs", "licence": "OECD terms for data (any use, with citation)" }, { "metric": "childcare_net_couple_1", "value": 47191, "period": "2026", "note": "Net cost after childcare benefits, tax breaks and other benefit changes: couple on 100% and 67% of the average wage", "level": "country", "source": "oecd-childcare", "retrieved": "2026-11-04T23:14:49.270Z", "url": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_NCC@DF_NCC,1.1/DNK.NCF.XDC.AW100.C_C1+C_C2+S_C1+S_C2.Y2_3.AW67+_Z.YES.NO.NO._T+CF.A?format=csvfilewithlabels&startPeriod=2022", "fetcher": 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"https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Air temperature in the shade. 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ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "snow_days", "value": [ 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.6, 1.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "windy_days", "value": [ 5.8, 4, 1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 0.8, 1.2, 1, 1.6, 4.2, 2, 2.4 ], "period": "2021-2025", "level": "city", "source": "open-meteo-era5", "retrieved": "2026-10-28T00:40:53.598Z", "url": "https://archive-api.open-meteo.com/v1/archive?latitude=55.67594&longitude=12.56553&start_date=2021-01-01&end_date=2025-12-31&timezone=auto&hourly=temperature_2m,apparent_temperature,dew_point_2m,precipitation,snowfall,cloud_cover,wind_speed_10m", "fetcher": "open-meteo-era5@3", "note": "Days a month on average, 2021-2025; the test is in docs/weather-scores.md. ERA5 reanalysis at the city's coordinates (a grid about 25 km wide)", "sourceName": "Historical weather (ERA5 reanalysis)", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "research_output", "value": 3433, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "39,598 works by 298 institutions in Copenhagen", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "builder_density", "value": 62, "period": "2025", "level": "city", "source": "openalex", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "log scale: 100 works per 100k residents = 0, 30,000 = 100", "sourceName": "OpenAlex institutions", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "airport_km", "value": 9, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Copenhagen Kastrup Airport (CPH), straight line from the centre", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "airports_100km", "value": 4, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ourairports", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "CPH, RKE, MMX, AGH", "sourceName": "OurAirports airports", "licence": "Public domain" }, { "metric": "politics_lr", "value": 5.2, "period": "2026-03-24", "level": "country", "source": "politics", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.statbank.dk/v1/data/FV26TOT/CSV?lang=en&VALRES=*&OMR%C3%85DE=0&Tid=2026", "note": "Estimate from the official result of Folketing, 24 Mar 2026, with ParlGov party positions: Social Democrats 21.8% (3.8), Socialist People's Party 11.6% (2.1), Venstre 10.1% (7.3), Liberal Alliance 9.4% (6, party-family average), Danish People's Party 9.1% (8.2), Moderates 7.7% (6, party-family average). Parties with a position took 98% of the vote.", "sourceName": "Political position from election results", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "universities", "value": 23, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type education (universities, colleges, schools of higher education)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "research_institutes", "value": 13, "period": "2026-10-27", "level": "city", "source": "ror", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "ROR organisations of type facility (research institutes, laboratories, observatories)", "sourceName": "Research Organization Registry", "licence": "CC0-1.0" }, { "metric": "sunshine_monthly", "value": [ 48, 64, 131, 207, 271, 266, 272, 242, 171, 107, 54, 36 ], "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.319Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Falsterbo, 36 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "sunshine_hours", "value": 1867, "period": "1991-2020", "level": "city", "source": "wmo-normals", "retrieved": "2026-10-27T11:14:13.319Z", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/data-composite-primary-parameters/wmo_normals_9120_TSUN.csv", "fetcher": "wmo-normals@1", "note": "Measured at Falsterbo, 36 km away at 2 m (WMO definition: direct sunlight of at least 120 W/m²)", "sourceName": "WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020", "licence": "No licence attached; NCEI public access, citation requested (WMO Unified Data Policy)" }, { "metric": "degree_share", "value": 38.3, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.ST.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "At least short-cycle tertiary education, % of people aged 25 and over (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "doctors", "value": 4.5, "period": "2021", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "unemployment", "value": 5.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/DK/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100&date=2015:2026", "note": "Unemployment, % of the labour force, ILO modelled estimate (via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "clean_government", "value": 2.26, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wgi", "retrieved": "2026-11-05", "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/3/country/DNK/series/GOV_WGI_CC.EST/time/all?format=json&per_page=100", "note": "Control of corruption, governance estimate (Worldwide Governance Indicators)", "sourceName": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "price_level", "value": 104.5, "period": "2025", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Private consumption PPP over the market exchange rate; United States = 100", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "homicide_rate", "value": 0.84, "period": "2023", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "note": "Intentional homicides per 100,000 people (UNODC via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "life_expectancy", "value": 82.3, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" }, { "metric": "health_oop", "value": 935, "period": "2024", "level": "country", "source": "worldbank-wdi", "retrieved": "2026-11-04", "note": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure per person, current US dollars (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database via World Bank)", "sourceName": "World Development Indicators", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0" } ], "comparisons": [ { "with": "amsterdam-nl", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/amsterdam-nl-vs-copenhagen-dk/" }, { "with": "berlin-de", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/berlin-de-vs-copenhagen-dk/" }, { "with": "dublin-ie", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-dublin-ie/" }, { "with": "hamburg-de", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-hamburg-de/" }, { "with": "helsinki-fi", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-helsinki-fi/" }, { "with": "london-gb", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-london-gb/" }, { "with": "oslo-no", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-oslo-no/" }, { "with": "paris-fr", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-paris-fr/" }, { "with": "prague-cz", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-prague-cz/" }, { "with": "stockholm-se", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-stockholm-se/" }, { "with": "tallinn-ee", "page": "https://borgo.abcastor.com/compare/copenhagen-dk-vs-tallinn-ee/" } ], "linkOut": [ { "label": "Numbeo: cost of living in Copenhagen", "url": "https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Copenhagen" }, { "label": "WeatherSpark: year-round weather in Copenhagen", "url": "https://weatherspark.com/search?q=Copenhagen" }, { "label": "Wikipedia: Copenhagen", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" } ], "cite": "Borgo, \"Living in Copenhagen\", https://borgo.abcastor.com/city/copenhagen-dk/, figures as of 2026-11-05. Name the original source of any figure you quote." }